1、Designation: C 1360 01 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forConstant-Amplitude, Axial, Tension-Tension Cyclic Fatigueof Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics atAmbient Temperatures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1360; the number immediately following the designation i
2、ndicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the determination
3、 of constant-amplitude, axial tension-tension cyclic fatigue behavior andperformance of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramiccomposites (CFCCs) at ambient temperatures. This practicebuilds on experience and existing standards in tensile testingCFCCs at ambient temperatures and addresses vario
4、us sug-gested test specimen geometries, specimen fabrication meth-ods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control),testing rates and frequencies, allowable bending, and proce-dures for data collection and reporting. This practice does notapply to axial cyclic fatigue tests of components o
5、r parts (thatis, machine elements with nonuniform or multiaxial stressstates).1.2 This practice applies primarily to advanced ceramicmatrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: uni-directional (1-D), bi-directional (2-D), and tri-directional (3-D)or other multi-directional reinforcements.
6、 In addition, thispractice may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrixcomposites with 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, and other multi-directionalcontinuous fiber reinforcements. This practice does not directlyaddress discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced orparticulate-reinforced ceramics, although th
7、e methods detailedhere may be equally applicable to these composites.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Stan-dard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It i
8、s theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Refer to Section 7for specific precautions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 1145 Terminology of Advanced Ceramic
9、sC 1275 Test Method for Monotonic Tensile Behavior ofContinuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics withSolid Rectangular Cross-Section Test Specimens at Ambi-ent TemperatureD 3479/D 3479M Test Method for Tension-Tension Fatigueof Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialsD 3878 Terminology for Composite Mat
10、erialsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ingE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-someter SystemsE 337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-perat
11、ures)E 467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing SystemE 468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-tigue Test Results for Metallic MaterialsE 739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linear-ized Stress-Life ( S-N) and Strai
12、n-Life (e-N) Fatigue DataE 1012 Practice for Verification of Test Frame and Speci-men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive AxialForce ApplicationE 1150 Definitions of Terms Relating to FatigueE 1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Test-ingIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the Inter
13、nationalSystem of Units (SI) (The Modern Metric System)3. Terminology Definitions3.1 Definitions:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on AdvancedCeramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on CeramicMatrix Composites.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 200
14、7. Published February 2007. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C 136001.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stand
15、ards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 Definitions of terms relating to advanced ceramics,fiber-reinforced composites, tensile testing, and cyclic fatigueas they appear in
16、Terminology C 1145, Terminology D 3878,Terminology E6,and Terminology E 1823, respectively, applyto the terms used in this practice. Selected terms with defini-tions non specific to this practice follow in 3.2 with theappropriate source given in parenthesis. Terms specific to thispractice are define
17、d in 3.3.3.2 Definitions of Terms Non Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 advanced ceramic, nA highly engineered, highperformance predominately non-metallic, inorganic, ceramicmaterial having specific functional attributes. (See Terminol-ogy C 1145.)3.2.2 axial strain LL1, nthe average longitudinalstrai
18、ns measured at the surface on opposite sides of thelongitudinal axis of symmetry of the test specimen by twostrain-sensing devices located at the mid length of the reducedsection. (See Practice E 1012.)3.2.3 bending strain LL1, nthe difference between thestrain at the surface and the axial strain. I
19、n general, the bendingstrain varies from point to point around and along the reducedsection of the test specimen. (See Practice E 1012.)3.2.4 ceramic matrix composite, na material consisting oftwo or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which themajor, continuous component (matrix component
20、) is a ceramic,while the secondary component(s) (reinforcing component)may be ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal or organic innature. These components are combined on a macroscale toform a useful engineering material possessing certain proper-ties or behavior not possessed by the individual consti
21、tuents(See Test Method C 1275.)3.2.5 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite(CFCC), na ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforc-ing phase consists of a continuous fiber, continuous yarn, or awoven fabric. (See Terminology C 1145.)3.2.6 constant amplitude loading, nin cyclic fatigu
22、e load-ing, a loading in which all peak loads are equal and all of thevalley loads are equal. (See Terminology E 1823.)3.2.7 cyclic fatigue, nthe process of progressive localizedpermanent structural change occurring in a material subjectedto conditions that produce fluctuating stresses and strains a
23、tsome point or points and that may culminate in cracks orcomplete fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations. (SeeTerminology E 1823.) See Fig. 1 for nomenclature relevant tocyclic fatigue testing.3.2.7.1 DiscussionIn glass technology static tests of con-siderable duration are called “static
24、 fatigue” tests, a type of testgenerally designated as stress-rupture.3.2.7.2 DiscussionFluctuations may occur both in forceand with time (frequency) as in the case of “random vibration.”3.2.8 cyclic fatigue life, Nfthe number of loading cycles ofa specified character that a given test specimen sust
25、ains beforefailure of a specified nature occurs. (See Terminology E 1823.)3.2.9 cyclic fatigue limit, SfFL2, nthe limiting value ofthe median cyclic fatigue strength as the cyclic fatigue life, Nf,becomes very large, (for example, Nf 106107). (See Termi-nology E 1823.)3.2.9.1 DiscussionCertain mater
26、ials and environmentspreclude the attainment of a cyclic fatigue limit. Valuestabulated as “fatigue limits” in the literature are frequently (butnot always) values of Sfat 50 % survival at Nfcycles of stressin which the mean stress, Sm, equals zero.3.2.10 cyclic fatigue strength SN, FL2, nthe limiti
27、ngvalue of the median cyclic fatigue strength at a particular cyclicfatigue life, Nf(See Terminology E 1823).3.2.11 gage length, L, nthe original length of thatportion of the test specimen over which strain or change oflength is determined. (See Terminology E 6.)3.2.12 force ratio, nin cyclic fatigu
28、e loading, the alge-braic ratio of the two loading parameters of a cycle; the mostwidely used ratios (See Terminology E 1150):R 5minimum forcemaximum forceor R 5valley forcepeak forceandA 5force amplitudemean forceor A 5maximum force minimum force!maximum force 1 minimum force!3.2.13 matrix-cracking
29、 stress FL2, nThe applied ten-sile stress at which the matrix cracks into a series of roughlyparallel blocks normal to the tensile stress. (See Test MethodC 1275.)3.2.13.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the matrix-crackingstress may be indicated on the stress-strain curve by deviationfrom linearity (propo
30、rtional limit) or incremental drops in thestress with increasing strain. In other cases, especially withmaterials that do not possess a linear portion of the stress-straincurve, the matrix cracking stress may be indicated as the firststress at which a permanent offset strain is detected in theunload
31、ing stress-strain curve (elastic limit).3.2.14 modulus of elasticity FL2, nThe ratio of stress tocorresponding strain below the proportional limit. (See Termi-nology E 6.)3.2.15 proportional limit stress FL2, nthe greateststress that a material is capable of sustaining without anydeviation from prop
32、ortionality of stress to strain (Hookeslaw). (See Terminology E 6.)3.2.15.1 DiscussionMany experiments have shown thatvalues observed for the proportional limit vary greatly with theFIG. 1 Cyclic Fatigue Nomenclature and Wave Forms.C 1360 01 (2007)2sensitivity and accuracy of the testing equipment,
33、eccentricityof loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram isplotted, and other factors. When determination of proportionallimit is required, specify the procedure and sensitivity of thetest equipment.3.2.16 percent bending, nthe bending strain times 100divided by the axial strain. (See Pr
34、actice E 1012.)3.2.17 S-N diagram, na plot of stress versus the numberof cycles to failure. The stress can be maximum stress, Smax,minimum stress, Smin, stress range, DS or Sr, or stress ampli-tude, Sa. The diagram indicates the S-N relationship for aspecified value of Sm, A , R and a specified prob
35、ability ofsurvival. ForN,alogscale is almost always used, although alinear scale may also be used. For S, a linear scale is usuallyused, although a log scale may also be used. (See TerminologyE 1150 and Practice E 468.)3.2.18 slow crack growth, nsub-critical crack growth(extension) that may result f
36、rom, but is not restricted to, suchmechanisms as environmentally-assisted stress corrosion ordiffusive crack growth (See Test Method C 1275).3.2.19 tensile strength FL2, nthe maximum tensilestress which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensilestrength is calculated from the maximum force during
37、a tensiontest carried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area ofthe test specimen. (See Terminology E 6.)3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 fracture strength FL2, nthe tensile stress that thematerial sustains at the instant of fracture. Fracture strength iscalculated f
38、rom the force at fracture during a tension testcarried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of thetest specimen.3.3.1.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the fracture strengthmay be identical to the tensile strength if the force at fractureis the maximum for the test.3.3.2 maximum stress, SminFL2
39、, nthe maximum appliedstress during cyclic fatigue.3.3.3 mean stress,SaFL2,nthe difference between themean stress and the maximum or minimum stress such thatSm5Smax1 Smin2(1)3.3.4 minimum stress, SminFL2, nthe minimum appliedstress during cyclic fatigue.3.3.5 stress amplitude, SaFL2, nthe difference
40、 betweenthe mean stress and the maximum stress such thatSa5Smax2 Smin25 Smax2 Sm5 Sm2 Smin(2)3.3.6 stress range, DSorSrFL2, nthe difference be-tween the maximum stress and the minimum stress such thatDS 5 Sr5 Smax2 Smin(3)3.3.7 time to cyclic fatigue failure, tft, ntotal elapsedtime from test initia
41、tion to test termination required to reach thenumber of cycles to failure.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice may be used for material development,material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, reli-ability assessment, and design data generation.4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced cerami
42、c matrix compositesare generally characterized by crystalline matrices and ceramicfiber reinforcements. These materials are candidate materialsfor structural applications requiring high degrees of wear andcorrosion resistance, and high-temperature inherent damagetolerance (that is, toughness). In ad
43、dition, continuous fiber-reinforced glass matrix composites are candidate materials forsimilar but possibly less-demanding applications. Althoughflexural test methods are commonly used to evaluate themechanical behavior of monolithic advanced ceramics, thenon-uniform stress distribution in a flexura
44、l test specimen inaddition to dissimilar mechanical behavior in tension andcompression for CFCCs leads to ambiguity of interpretation oftest results obtained in flexure for CFCCs. Uniaxially-loadedtensile tests provide information on mechanical behavior for auniformly stressed material.4.3 The cycli
45、c fatigue behavior of CFCCs can have appre-ciable non-linear effects (for example, sliding of fibers withinthe matrix) which may be related to the heat transfer of thespecimen to the surroundings. Changes in test temperature,frequency, and heat removal can affect test results. It may bedesirable to
46、measure the effects of these variables to moreclosely simulate end-use conditions for some specific applica-tion.4.4 Cyclic fatigue by its nature is a probabilistic phenom-enon as discussed in STP 91A3and STP 5884. In addition, thestrengths of the brittle matrices and fibers of CFCCs areprobabilisti
47、c in nature. Therefore, a sufficient number of testspecimens at each testing condition is required for statisticalanalysis and design, with guidelines for sufficient numbersprovided in STP 91A3, STP 5884, and Practice E 739. Studiesto determine the influence of test specimen volume or surfacearea on
48、 cyclic fatigue strength distributions for CFCCs havenot been completed. The many different tensile test specimengeometries available for cyclic fatigue testing may result invariations in the measured cyclic fatigue behavior of a particu-lar material due to differences in the volume of material in t
49、hegage section of the test specimens.4.5 Tensile cyclic fatigue tests provide information on thematerial response under fluctuating uniaxial tensile stresses.Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate anynonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as theresult of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrixmicrocracking, fiber/matrix debonding, delamination, cyclicfatigue crack growth, etc.)4.6 Cumulative damage due to cyclic fatigue may be influ-enced by testing mode, testing
