1、Designation: C135 96 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forTrue Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by WaterImmersion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method co
3、vers the determination of truespecific gravity of refractory materials under prescribed con-ditions. It is not applicable to materials attacked by water.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI uni
4、ts that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.2.1 ExceptionThe equipment used in this standard forweights and volumes is only available in SI units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsi
5、bility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of RefractoryMaterials by Gas-Comparison PycnometerD
6、153 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of PigmentsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3. Significance and Use3.1 The true specific gravity of a material is the ratio of itstrue density, determined at a specific temperature, to the truedensity of water, determined at a spec
7、ific temperature. Thus,the true specific gravity of a material is a primary propertywhich is related to chemical and mineralogical composition.3.2 For refractory raw materials and products the truespecific gravity is a useful value for: classification, detectingdifferences in chemical composition be
8、tween supposedly likesamples, indicating mineralogical phases or phase changes,calculating total porosity when the bulk density is known, andfor any other test method which requires this value for thecalculation of results.3.3 This test method is a primary standard method which issuitable for use in
9、 specifications, quality control, and researchand development. It can also serve as a referee test method inpurchasing contracts or agreements.3.4 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test methodare the following:3.4.1 The sample is representative of the material in general,3.4.2 The total sampl
10、e has been reduced to the particle sizespecified,3.4.3 No impurity has been introduced during processing ofthe sample,3.4.4 The sample itself is not magnetic and all magneticmaterial introduced during processing of the sample has beenremoved,3.4.5 The material is not hydratable or reactive with wate
11、r,and3.4.6 The test method has been conducted in a meticulousmanner.3.4.7 Deviation from any of these assumptions negates theusefulness of the results.3.5 In interpreting the results of this test method it must berecognized that the specified sample particle size does notguarantee that all closed po
12、res have been eliminated. Theamount of residual closed pores may vary between materials oreven between samples of the same or like materials, and thespecified sample particle size is not the same as that specifiedfor Test Method C604. The values generated by this testmethod may, therefore, be close
13、approximations rather thanaccurate representations of true specific gravities. Thus, com-parisons of results should only be judiciously made betweenlike materials tested by this test method or with full recognitionof potentially inherent differences between the materials beingcompared or the test me
14、thod used.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalProperties.Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originallyapproved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 200
15、9 as C135 96 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/C0135-96R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM I
16、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Apparatus4.1 Analytical Balance, accurate to 0.1 mg.4.2 Pycnometer Bottle, 50-mL, with ground-joint fittedthermometer and capillary side tube with cap.4.3 Vacuum Source, capable of 0.5 to 1.0 in. (13
17、 to 25 mm)Hg, for use with alternative method (Note 1).NOTE 1A suitable alternative evacuation method is described in TestMethods D153.5. Preparation of Sample5.1 Extract two walnut-sized pieces from different positionsin a solid specimen in such a way as to exclude any part of theoriginal exterior
18、surface (skin surface). When an average valueof specific gravity is desired, prepare a composite sample bytaking pieces in this manner from at least five differentspecimens.5.2 Crush the pieces between hardened steel surfaces to amaximum size of18 in. (3 mm). Thoroughly mix the crushedmaterial and r
19、educe by quartering or riffling to a test sample of50 g.5.3 If the material submitted for test is already crushed orground, a representative portion of at least 500 g shall bethoroughly mixed and reduced by quartering or riffling.5.4 Grind the entire 50-g sample to pass an ASTM No. 100(150-m) sieve
20、(equivalent to a 100-mesh Tyler StandardSeries) (Note 2). The grinding may be done by hand or by amechanical sample grinder of such material and construction asto prevent the introduction of any impurity. Remove anymagnetic material introduced during crushing or grinding by amagnet. Special care sho
21、uld be taken in all stages of prepara-tion of the test sample not to exclude any portions that aredifficult to crush or grind.NOTE 2Detailed requirements for this sieve are given in SpecificationE11.5.5 Transfer the 50-g sample to a glass-stoppered weighingbottle and dry to constant weight at 105 to
22、 110C (220 to230F).6. Procedure6.1 Make duplicate tests on material from the 50-g sample.Make all weighings to the nearest 0.1 mg.6.2 Dry the pycnometer at 105 to 110C (220 to 230F),cool in a desiccator, and weigh on an analytical balance.Record the weight as p. Fill the pycnometer with distilled wa
23、terat room temperature, t , which should be between 60 and 75F(16 and 24C) and should not vary more than 0.5F (0.3C)during the test, and again weigh, recording the weight as W1.In filling the pycnometer, there should be an overflow of waterthrough the capillary when the thermometer (stopper) isinser
24、ted. Wipe the excess water from the tip in such a manneras not to withdraw any water from the capillary. Place the capon the capillary tube, thoroughly dry any water adhering to theoutside of the pycnometer, and weigh as directed above.6.3 Empty the pycnometer and again dry it at 105 to 110C(220 to
25、230F). Place approximately 1.5 mL of the sample inthe dry pycnometer, weigh, and record the weight as W. Fill thepycnometer to one fourth to one half of its capacity withdistilled water, and boil the water either under reduced pressure(Note 2) or at atmospheric pressure for 10 to 15 min. Boilingshou
26、ld not be so vigorous as to cause loss of sample due topopping. Where boiling is done at atmospheric pressure, it isadvisable to insert a thin strip of paper with the stopper beforethe boiling operation. After boiling, fill the pycnometer withdistilled water, cool to room temperature, t, in a water
27、bath,insert the thermometer stopper, wipe off excess water from thetip of the capillary tube, replace the cap, and thoroughly dry thepycnometer with a lintless towel. Weigh the pycnometer andcontents and report the weight as W2.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate the true specific gravity as follows:Sp gr,
28、t/t 5 W 2 p!/W12 p! 2 W22 W!# (1)where:t = material and water temperature, Cp = weight of the stoppered pycnometer, g,W = weight of the stoppered pycnometer and sample, g,W1= weight of the stoppered pycnometer filled with water,g, andW2= weight of the stoppered pycnometer, sample, andwater, g.8. Rep
29、ort8.1 Both determinations shall be reported to the nearest0.01. The results shall check to within 0.03, or additionaldeterminations shall be made in duplicate.9. Precision and Bias9.1 The precision and bias of this test method for measuringthe true specific gravity of refractory materials by wateri
30、mmersion is being determined. It is not feasible to specify theprecision and bias of this test method at this time because theruggedness and round-robin testing is incomplete.10. Keywords10.1 nonhydratable; pycnometer; refractory material; truespecific gravity; water immersionC135 96 (2015)2ASTM Int
31、ernational takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirel
32、y their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand sh
33、ould be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on St
34、andards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 96 (2015)3
