1、Designation: C 1116/C 1116M 08aStandard Specification forFiber-Reinforced Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1116/C 1116M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers all forms of fiber-reinforcedc
3、oncrete that are delivered to a purchaser with the ingredientsuniformly mixed, and that can be sampled and tested at thepoint of delivery. It does not cover the placement, consolida-tion, curing, or protection of the fiber-reinforced concrete afterdelivery to the purchaser.1.2 Certain sections of th
4、is specification are also applicableto fiber-reinforced concrete intended for shotcreting by thedry-mix process when sampling and testing of concrete ispossible only at the point of placement. In this case, thesections dealing with batching plant, mixing equipment, mix-ing and delivery, and measurem
5、ent of workability and aircontent, are not applicable.1.3 This specification does not cover thin-section glassfiber-reinforced concrete manufactured by the spray-up processthat is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee C27.40.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be
6、 regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.5 The following precautionary statement pertains only
7、tothe test method portion, Sections 15 and 18, of this specifica-tion: This standard does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the appl
8、icability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 820/A 820M Specification for Steel Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteC 31/C 31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindr
9、ical Concrete SpecimensC 42/C 42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC 94/C 94M Specification for Ready-Mixed ConcreteC 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesC 138/C 138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield, and Air Content (Gra
10、vimetric) of ConcreteC 143/C 143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC 173/C 173M Test Method for Air Content of FreshlyMixed Concrete by the Volumetric MethodC 192/C 192M Practice for Making and
11、Curing ConcreteTest Specimens in the LaboratoryC 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly MixedConcrete by the Pressure MethodC 387 Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materialsfor Mortar and ConcreteC 567 Test Method for Determining Density of StructuralLightweight ConcreteC 666/C 666M Test
12、 Method for Resistance of Concrete toRapid Freezing and ThawingC 684 Test Method for Making, Accelerated Curing, andTesting Concrete Compression Test SpecimensC 685/C 685M Specification for Concrete Made by Volu-metric Batching and Continuous MixingC 995 Test Method for Time of Flow of Fiber-Reinfor
13、cedConcrete Through Inverted Slump Cone3C 1077 Practice for Laboratories Testing Concrete and Con-crete Aggregates for Use in Construction and Criteria forLaboratory EvaluationC 1140 Practice for Preparing and Testing Specimens from1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09
14、onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.42 on Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2008. Published January 2009. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C 1116/C 1116M 08.2For referenced ASTM standard
15、s, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm
16、.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Shotcrete Test PanelsC 1385/C 1385M Practice for Sampling Materials for Shot-creteC 1399 Test Method for Obtaining
17、 Average Residual-Strength of Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteC 1436 Specification for Materials for ShotcreteC 1480 Specification for Packaged, Pre-Blended, Dry,Combined Materials for Use in Wet or Dry ShotcreteApplicationC 1550 Test Method for Flexural Toughness of Fiber Rein-forced Concrete (Using Centr
18、ally Loaded Round Panel)C 1602/C 1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used inthe Production of Hydraulic Cement ConcreteC 1604/C 1604M Test Method for Obtaining and TestingDrilled Cores of ShotcreteC 1609/C 1609M Test Method for Flexural Performance ofFiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With Third
19、-PointLoading)C 1666/C 1666M Specification for Alkali Resistant (AR)Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andCementD 6942 Test Method for Stability of Cellulose Fibers inAlkaline EnvironmentsD 7357 Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete2.2 ACI Standards and Rep
20、orts:211.1 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Nor-mal, Heavyweight, and Mass Concrete4211.2 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Struc-tural Lightweight Concrete4506.2 Specification for Materials, Proportioning and Appli-cation of Shotcrete43. Terminology3.1 Definitions3.1.1
21、For definitions of terms used in this specification, referto Terminology C 125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 manufacturer, nthe producer who furnishes thefiber-reinforced concrete.3.2.2 purchaser, nthe owner, or representative thereof,who buys the fiber-reinforced concrete
22、.4. Classification4.1 This specification classifies fiber-reinforced concrete bythe material type of the fiber incorporated.NOTE 1The performance of fiber-reinforced concrete depends uponthe susceptibility of the fibers to physical damage during mixing orshotcreting and to chemical damage on exposur
23、e to the cement pastesolution, which is highly alkaline and may also contain carbon dioxide,chlorides, sulfates or oxygen. Improper methods of fiber addition to aconcrete mix can lead to balling of some types of fiber; consultmanufacturer for advice as to correct method before use. The magnitudeof i
24、mprovements in the mechanical properties of the concrete or shotcreteimparted by fibers can also reflect the material characteristics, geometry,and design of the fiber type.4.1.1 Type I Steel Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteContainsstainless steel, alloy steel, or carbon steel fibers conforming toSpecifica
25、tion A 820/A 820M.4.1.2 Type II Glass Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteContainsalkali-resistant (AR) glass fibers conforming to SpecificationC 1666/C 1666M.4.1.3 Type III Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteContains synthetic fibers for which documentary evidence canbe produced confirming their resistance to
26、 deterioration whenin contact with the moisture and alkalis present in cement pasteand the substances present in admixtures throughout theanticipated useful life of the structure (see Note 2 and 4.2).NOTE 2Fibers such as polyolefins (polypropylene and polyethylene),nylon, and carbon have been shown
27、to be durable in concrete.4.1.4 Type IV Natural Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteContains natural fibers for which documentary evidence can beproduced confirming their resistance to deterioration when incontact with the moisture and alkalis present in cement pasteand the substances present in admixtures thr
28、oughout theanticipated useful life of the structure. When Type IV fiber-reinforced concrete contains cellulose fibers they shall conformto Specification D 7357.NOTE 3The classification, natural fibers, refers to a population offibers that are manufactured from natural fibrous resources and are usedf
29、or the first time in concrete. Depending on the initial raw material and themanufacturing process employed to produce the fiber, the final physicaland chemical fiber properties in this general classification can vary greatly.Some natural fibers are susceptible to deterioration from exposure toalkali
30、s; Test Method D 6942 may be used to determine the susceptibilityof these fibers to deterioration as a result of exposure to alkalis in concrete.Conversely, many other natural fiber types are highly resistant to alkalisand can remain in concrete with no degradation for the complete productlife cycle
31、.4.2 When the purchaser chooses to permit the use of fibersother than those complying with the classifications in 4.1, themanufacturer or supplier shall show evidence satisfactory tothe purchaser that the type of fiber proposed for use showsresistance to deterioration when in contact with the moistu
32、reand alkalis present in cement paste and the substances presentin admixtures throughout the anticipated useful life of thestructure.5. Basis of Purchase5.1 The basis of purchase for fiber-reinforced concrete shallbe in accordance with the Basis of Purchase Sections ofSpecification C 94/C 94M or Spe
33、cification C 685/C 685M.6. Ordering Information6.1 In the absence of designated applicable general specifi-cations, the purchaser shall specify the following:6.1.1 Type of fiber-reinforced concrete required. See Sec-tion 4.6.1.2 Type of cement at the purchasers option, otherwisethe cement shall be T
34、ype 1 meeting the requirements ofSpecification C 150;6.1.3 Designated size, or sizes, of coarse aggregates;6.1.4 Slump or time of flow required at the point of delivery,or when appropriate the point of placement, subject to thetolerances hereinafter specified;4Available from American Concrete Instit
35、ute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.C 1116/C 1116M 08a26.1.4.1 Slump shall be specified when it is anticipated to be2 in. 50 mm or more, and time of flow shall be specified whenslump is anticipated to be less than 2 in. 50 mm. Slump ortime of flow shall no
36、t be specified for shotcrete placed by thedry process.NOTE 4The time of flow of fiber-reinforced concrete through aninverted slump cone, determined in accordance with Test Method C 995,is a better indicator than slump (Test Method C 143/C 143M)oftheappropriate level of workability for fiber-reinforc
37、ed concrete placed byvibration because such concrete can exhibit very low slump due to thepresence of fibers and still be easily consolidated. Mixtures with a time offlow of 8 to 15 s are readily consolidated by vibration. Consolidationbecomes more difficult with increase in time of flow, and is ext
38、remelydifficult even when using internal vibration if the time of flow exceeds 30s. Mixtures with a time of flow less than 8 s should be evaluated in termsof slump because the time of flow is too short to determine withsatisfactory precision, or may not be determinable because the fiber-reinforced c
39、oncrete flows freely through the inverted cone.6.1.5 Air content when air-entrainment is required, based onthe air content of samples taken at the point of discharge, orwhen appropriate the point of placement, subject to thetolerances hereinafter specified;NOTE 5In selecting the specified air conten
40、t, the purchaser shouldconsider the exposure conditions to which the concrete will be subjected.Air contents less than shown in Table 1 may not produce adequatedurability. Air contents higher than the levels shown may reduce strengthwithout contributing further to freeze-thaw resistance.6.1.6 When s
41、tructural lightweight concrete is specified, thepurchaser shall specify the density as freshly mixed density,equilibrium density, or oven-dry density.NOTE 6The freshly mixed density of lightweight concrete, that is theonly density determinable at the time of delivery, is always higher than theequili
42、brium density or oven-dry density. Definitions of, and methods fordetermining or calculating freshly mixed, equilibrium, and oven-drydensities of lightweight concrete are covered in Test Methods C 138/C 138M and C 567.6.1.7 If desired, any of the optional requirements of Table 2of Specification C 16
43、02/C 1602M.6.1.8 One of the following Options A, B, or C, shall be usedas the basis for determining the proportions of the fiber-reinforced concrete of the quality required.6.2 Option A:6.2.1 When the purchaser assumes responsibility for mix-ture proportioning, the following parameters shall also be
44、specified by the purchaser:6.2.1.1 The cement content in pounds per cubic yard orkilograms per cubic metre,6.2.1.2 If supplementary cementitious are required, the type,and amounts to be used in pounds per cubic yard or kilogramsper cubic metre, or in percentages by weight of cement,6.2.1.3 The maxim
45、um allowable amount of mixing water ingallons per cubic yard or litres per cubic metre, includingsurface moisture on the aggregates, but excluding waterabsorbed by the aggregate,6.2.1.4 If air-entraining admixtures are required, the type,name, and dosage range to be used to achieve the specified air
46、content, (see 6.1.4),6.2.1.5 If chemical admixtures are required, the type, name,and dosage range to be used, and:6.2.1.6 The type of fibers to be used and the amount inpounds per cubic yard or kilograms per cubic metre, (seeClassification Section 4).NOTE 7The dosage of air-entraining, water-reducin
47、g (including high-range), accelerating, and retarding admixtures needed to satisfy thematerial performance requirements varies. Therefore, dosage rangesshould be specified to ensure that the material performance requirementscan be met.NOTE 8The purchaser, in selecting requirements for which he as-su
48、mes responsibility should give consideration to requirements for work-ability, placeability, durability, surface texture, and density. The purchaseris referred to ACI Practices 211.1 and 211.2 for selecting proportions thatwill result in concrete suitable for various types of structures andcondition
49、s of exposure, and to ACI Report 544.3R5for selecting concreteand fiber parameters suitable for fiber-reinforced concrete. For guidanceon selecting proportions for fiber-reinforced shotcrete, the purchaser isreferred to ACI Reports 506.1R6and 506.R7and ACI Specification 506.2.6.2.2 At the request of the purchaser, the manufacturer shall,prior to the actual delivery of concrete, furnish a statement tothe purchaser giving the sources, relative densities, sieveanalyses, and saturated surface-dry masses of fine and coarseaggregates, and the amount of mixing wat
