1、Designation: A781/A781M 18aA781/A781M 18bStandard Specification forCastings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, forGeneral Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that are mandatory requirements o
3、f the following steel castingspecifications issued byASTM. If the product specification specifies different requirements, the product specification shall prevail.ASTMDesignation Title of SpecificationA27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Steel Castings, Austenitic Mangan
4、eseA148/A148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-posesA297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA494/A494M Castings, Nickel an
5、d Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,Corrosion Resistant, for General ApplicationA744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, CorrosionResistant, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-ing
6、A890/A890M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-MolybdenumCorrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)for General ApplicationA915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA958/A958M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with TensileRequirements, Che
7、mical Requirements Similiarto Standard Wrought GradesA1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additional testing or inspec
8、tion is desired and apply only when specifiedindividually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 The requirements of the individual material specification and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded sep
9、arately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with int
10、ernationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction o
11、fASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.18on Castings.Current edition approved May 15, 2018June 1, 2018. Published May 2018June 2018. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2018 asA781/A781M 18.A781/
12、A781M 18a. DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-18A. 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-18B.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict a
13、ll changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International,
14、100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic ManganeseA148/A148M Specification for Steel
15、 Castings, High Strength, for Structural PurposesA297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA380/A380M Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passi
16、vation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA447/A447M Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and PersonnelA494/A494M Specification for Castings,
17、Nickel and Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination ThereofA743/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for
18、GeneralApplicationA744/A744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation HardeningA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA800/A800M Practic
19、e for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA802/A802M Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Visual ExaminationA890/A890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Applic
20、ationA915/A915M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, andAlloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and FerroalloysA958/A958M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile Requirements, Ch
21、emical Requirements Similarto Standard Wrought GradesA967/A967M Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel PartsA991/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel ProductsA1002 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Alumin
22、um Ordered AlloyA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsMetricA1067/A1067M Specification for Test Coupons for Steel CastingsA1080 Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloy CastingsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Dete
23、rmine Conformance with SpecificationsE94/E94M Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic FilmE125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous CastingsE165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for H
24、eavy-Walled (2 to 412 in. (50.8 to 114 mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm) Steel CastingsE340 Practice for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless, Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium
25、-Nickel-IronAlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, andCobalt AlloysE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3
26、.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370, Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751, TerminologyA941, and Test Methods A1058 are applicable to this specification and those listed in 1.1.3.1.2 test coupon, nthe part from which the test specimen will be extracted.3.1.3 test specim
27、en, nthe part that will be acted upon in a test.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.A781/A781M 18
28、b24. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Melting ProcessThe steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric furnace process with or without separate refining, suchas argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unless otherwise specified in the individual specification.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Castings shall be heat
29、 treated in the working zone of a furnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA991/A991M.4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above 2000 F 1100 C, then the working zone shall have beenestablished by a survey performed at not more than 25 F 15 C below nor more than 20
30、0 F 110 C above the minimum heattreatment temperature specified for the grade. If a minimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for the grade, then thesurvey temperature shall be not more than 50 F 30 C below nor more than 175 F 100 C above the furnace set point used.4.2.3 The maximum variat
31、ion in measured temperature, as determined by the difference between the highest temperature andthe lowest temperature, shall be as agreed between the purchaser and producer, except that during production heat treatment noportion of the furnace shall be below the minimum specified temperature nor ab
32、ove the maximum specified temperature for thegrade being processed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materials covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices, and Terminology A751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be made
33、 by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elementsspecified in the individual specification for the grade being poured. The analysis shall be made from a test sample, preferably takenduring the pouring of the heat. When drillings are used, they shall be taken not less than 14 in. 6.4
34、mm beneath the surface. Thechemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements in the individual specification for the grade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made by the purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, or casting.The analysis shall be
35、 made on representative material. Samples for carbon analysis shall be taken no closer than 14 in. 6 mm toa cast surface, except that castings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representative material. The chemical composition thusdetermined shall meet the requirements specified in the applicab
36、le specification for the grade involved, or shall be subject torejection by the purchaser, except that the chemical composition determined for carbon and low-alloy steel and stainless steelcastings may vary from the specified limits by the amounts shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The product a
37、nalysis tolerancesof Tables 1 and 2 are not applicable as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by the casting manufacturer. When comparing productand heat analysis for other than carbon and low-alloy steels and stainless steels, the reproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E353or E354, as applicabl
38、e, shall be taken into consideration.5.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen chemical analysis for elements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, SupplementaryRequirement S13 may be specified.5.5 Grade SubstitutionGrade substitution is not permitted. Grade substitution occurs when the material being
39、suppliedcontains one or more elements that are not specified for the supplied material such that the material conforms to the requirementsof a different grade.6. Mechanical Test RequirementsNOTE 1The tension testing requirements of this specification are intended only to characterize the tensile pro
40、perties of the heat for determination ofconformance to the requirements of the applicable product specification. Such testing procedures are not intended to define the upper or lower limits oftensile properties at all possible test locations within a heat. It is well known and documented that tensil
41、e properties will vary within a heat or individualcasting as a function of chemical composition, processing, testing procedure, and other factors.3 It is, therefore, incumbent on designers and engineersto use sound engineering judgement when using tension test results.6.1 The individual product spec
42、ifications vary as to whether mechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determinespecific test requirements, the individual product specification should be reviewed.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, when mechanical properties are required by the product specification, tes
43、tcoupons may be cast integrally with the castings, or as separate blocks, in accordance with Specification A1067/A1067M, Fig. 1,Fig. 2, or Fig. 4, except when Supplementary Requirement S15 is specified. The test coupon in Specification A1067/A1067M, Fig.4, shall be employed only for austenitic alloy
44、 castings with cross sections less than 212 in. 65 mm.6.3 Test specimens may be cut from heat-treated castings, at the producers or the purchasers option, instead of from separatelycast test coupons.6.4 Choice of testing track from the options listed in Test Methods A1058 when material is ordered to
45、 an M-suffix (SI units)product standard should be identified by the purchaser in the ordering information. If the choice of test track is not specified inthe order, then the default ASTM track shall be used as noted in Test Methods A1058.3 Information on the relationship of mechanical properties det
46、ermined on test coupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may be found inThe Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders Society of America, pp.1535 through 1543, 1980.A781/A781M 18b36.5 The coupon from which the test specimen is taken shall be heat treated
47、in production furnaces to the same procedure as thecastings it represents.6.6 The specimens may be cast to shape or machined from coupons to dimensions in accordance with Test Methods andDefinitions A370.6.7 To determine conformance with the tension test requirements, an observed value or calculated
48、 value shall be rounded offin accordance with Practice E29 to the nearest 0.5 ksi 5 MPa for yield and tensile strength and to the nearest 1 % for elongationand reduction of area. In the special case of rounding the number “5” when no additional numbers other than “0” follow the “5,”rounding shall be
49、 done in the direction of the specification limits if following Practice E29 would cause rejection of material.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner and shall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by thepurchaser before manufacture is started. If the pattern is supplied by the purchaser, the dimensions of the casting shall be aspredicated by the pattern.8. Quality8.1 The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering sand, scale, cracks, and hot tears as determi
