1、Designation: A596/A596M 95 (Reapproved 2009)1Standard Test Method forDirect-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using theBallistic Method and Ring Specimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A596/A596M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof orig
2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEUpdated IEC information editorially in November 2009.1. Scope1.1 This
3、test method covers dc ballistic testing for thedetermination of basic magnetic properties of materials in theform of ring, toroidal, link, double-lapped Epstein cores, orother standard shapes which may be cut, stamped, machined,or ground from cast, compacted, sintered, forged, or rolledmaterials. It
4、 includes tests for normal induction and hysteresistaken under conditions of steep wavefront reversals of thedirect-current magnetic field strength.1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction withPractice A34/A34M.1.3 This test method is suitable for a testing range from verylow magnetic field
5、 strength up to 200 or more Oe 15.9 or morekA/m. The lower limit is determined by integrator sensitivityand the upper limit by heat generation in the magnetizingwinding. Special techniques and short duration testing mayextend the upper limit of magnetic field strength.1.4 Testing under this test met
6、hod is inherently more accu-rate than other methods. When specified dimensional or shaperequirements are observed, the measurements are a goodapproximation to absolute properties.Test accuracy available isprimarily limited by the accuracy of instrumentation. In mostcases, equivalent results may be o
7、btained using Test MethodA773/A773M or the test methods of IEC Publication 60404-4.1.5 This test method permits a choice of test specimen topermit measurement of properties in any desired directionrelative to the direction of crystallographic orientation withoutinterference from external yoke system
8、s.1.6 The symbols and abbreviated definitions used in this testmethod appear in Fig. 1 and Sections 5, 6, 9, and 10. For theofficial definitions see Terminology A340. Note that the termflux density used in this document is synonymous with the termmagnetic induction.1.7 WarningMercury has been design
9、ated by EPA andmany state agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury-containing products. See the applicable prod
10、uct Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs website(http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional informa-tion. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited bystate law.1.8 The values stated in either customar
11、y (cgs-emu andinch-pound) units or SI units are to be regarded separately asstandard. Within this test method, the SI units are shown inbrackets except for the sections concerning calculations wherethere are separate sections for the respective unit systems. Thevalues stated in each system are not e
12、xact equivalents; there-fore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-formance with this method.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
13、 the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A34/A34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testingof Magnetic MaterialsA340 Terminology of Symbols a
14、nd Definitions Relating toMagnetic TestingA341/A341M Test Method for Direct Current MagneticProperties of Materials Using D-C Permeameters and theBallistic Test MethodsA343/A343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag-netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies UsingWattmeter-Ammeter-Voltmet
15、er Method and 25-cm EpsteinTest Frame1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 onMagnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA06.01 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1969. Last previous
16、edition approved in 2004 as A596/A596M95(2004)1. DOI: 10.1520/A0596_A0596M-95R09E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary p
17、age onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.A773/A773M Test Method for dc Magnetic Properties ofMaterials Using Ring and Permeameter Procedures withdc Electronic Hysteresigraphs2.2 IEC Standard:3Publication
18、 60404-4 Ed. 2.2, Magnetic MaterialsPart 4:Methods of Measurement of the D-C Magnetic Propertiesof Magnetically Soft Materials, IEC, 20083. Significance and Use3.1 Test methods using suitable ring-type specimens4arethe preferred methods of determining the basic magneticproperties of a material cause
19、d by the absence of demagnetiz-ing effects and are well suited for specification acceptance,service evaluation, and research and development.3.2 Provided the test specimen is representative of the bulkmaterial as is usually the case for thin strip and wire, this testis also suitable for design purpo
20、ses.3.3 When the test specimen is not necessarily representativeof the bulk material such as a ring machined from a largeforging or casting, the results of this test method may not be anaccurate indicator of the magnetic properties of the bulkmaterial. In such instances, the test results when viewed
21、 incontext of past performance history will be useful for judgingthe suitability of the current material for the intended applica-tion.4. Interferences4.1 This test method has several important requirements.Unless adequate inside diameter to outside diameter ratios aremaintained in the test specimen
22、s, the magnetic field strengthwill be excessively nonuniform throughout the test specimenand the measured parameters cannot be represented as materialproperties.4.2 The basic quality of materials having directionallysensitive properties cannot be tested satisfactorily with rings orlaminations. With
23、them it is necessary to use Epstein speci-mens cut with their lengths in the direction of specific interestor to use long link-shaped or spirally wound toroidal core testspecimens whose long dimensions are similarly located. Theacceptable minimum width of strip used in such test specimensis also sen
24、sitive to the material under test. At present, it isbelieved that the grain-oriented silicon steels should have astrip width of at least 3 cm 30 mm.4.3 Unless ring specimens are large in diameter, it is difficultto provide a sufficient number of primary turns needed to reachthe highest magnetic fiel
25、d strength. In general, magneticmaterials tend to have nonuniform properties throughout thebody of the test specimen; for this reason, uniformly distrib-uted test windings and uniform specimen cross-sectional areaare highly desirable to suppress nonuniform behavior to atolerable degree.5. Apparatus5
26、.1 The apparatus shall consist of as many of the compo-nents described in 5.2-5.10 as are required to perform thedesired test. The basic circuit is shown in Fig. 1.5.2 Balance and Scales:5.2.1 The balance used to weigh the test specimen shall becapable of weighing to an accuracy of better than 0.1 %
27、.5.2.2 The micrometer, caliper, or other length-measuringdevice used in the determination of magnetic path length andcross-sectional area shall be capable of measuring to anaccuracy of better than 0.1 %.5.3 dc Power SupplyThe preferred source of dc current isa high quality linear power supply of eit
28、her unipolar or bipolaroperation. The power supply must exhibit high stability andvery low ripple to achieve the most accurate results. Program-mable bipolar operational amplifier power supplies haveproven to be very satisfactory for this type of testing. Otherstable sources of dc current such as st
29、orage batteries arepermitted.5.4 Main-Current-Control Rheostat R1When nonpro-grammable sources of dc current such as storage batteries areused, rheostats must be used to control the current. Theserheostats must have sufficient power rating and heat-dissipatingcapability to handle the largest test cu
30、rrent without undesirablechanges in resistance and, therefore, magnetizing currentduring conduct of the test.5.5 Hysteresis-Current-Control Rheostat R2Thehysteresis-current-control rheostat, when required, must havethe same power rating and resistance as the main-current-control rheostat.5.6 Main-Cu
31、rrent Ammeter A1Measurement of the mag-netizing current can be accomplished with either a dc ammeter3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4Lloyd, M. G., “Errors in Magnetic Testing with Ring Specimens, TechnicalNews Bulletin, Natio
32、nal Institute for Standards and Technology, Vol 5, 1909, p. 435(S108).NOTEA1Multirange ammeter, main-magnetizing current circuitA2Multirange ammeter, hysteresis-current circuitN1Magnetizing (primary) windingN2Flux-sensing (secondary) windingFElectronic integratorR1Main current control rheostatR2Hyst
33、eresis current control rheostatS1Reversing switchS2Shunting switch for hysteresis current control rheostatFIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Ring-Type CoresA596/A596M 95 (2009)12or a combination of a precision shunt resistor and dc voltmeter.The meters and shunt resistor, if used, must have an accuracyof at
34、 least 0.25 %. To improve test accuracy multirange digitalammeters or voltmeters are preferred. Autoranging capabilityis desirable for convenience but is not essential for this testmethod. If analog meters are used, the ranges must be such thatall test readings are made in the upper two thirds of th
35、e scale.5.7 Hysteresis-Current Ammeter, A2The hysteresis-current measuring system shall conform to the requirements in5.6. In general, a separate measuring system is not requiredsince the main current ammeter (A1) can also be used tomeasure the hysteresis current.5.8 Reversing Switch, S1Because of t
36、he low resistancenature of the magnetizing circuit, it is imperative that highquality switches be used. Changes in switch resistance uponreversal will cause deviation from the cyclically magnetizedcondition which, if excessive, will impair test accuracy andprecision. Experience has shown that mercur
37、y switches are thebest suited for this application. Knife blade switches ormechanical or electrically operated contractors can also beused provided the requirement for uniform and equal contactresistance can be maintained. Because of the presence ofleakage currents in the open condition, solid state
38、 relays are notpermitted. The difficulties inherent in the use of main currentreversing switches can be minimized by use of linear powersupplies capable of accepting a remote programming signal.Such power supplies are permitted provided that the magne-tizing current is equal (to within 0.1 %) in eit
39、her polarity whennormal induction testing is conducted, current reversals can beconducted with no overshoot or oscillation and the magnetizingcurrent is truly zero for the zero current programming signal.5.9 Hysteresis Switch, S2(When Required)This switchshould conform to requirements in 5.8.5.10 In
40、tegrator, FBecause of their superior accuracy,stability, and ease of operation, electronic charge integratorsare the preferred means of measuring magnetic flux. Integra-tors using either operational amplifier and capacitor feedback(analog integrator) or pulse counting are permitted. The accu-racy of
41、 the integrator must be better than 1 % full scale. Ifanalog display meters are used to read the value of flux, themeasurement should be made on the upper two thirds of thescale. Analog integrators must have drift adjust circuitry andthe drift should not exceed 100 Maxwell-turns 106Wb-turnsper minut
42、e on the most sensitive range. It is also desirable thatthe integrator have appropriate scaling circuitry to permit directreading of either flux (f) or flux density (B). Ballistic galva-nometers or moving coil fluxmeters are allowed provided the1 % full-scale accuracy requirement is met.6. Test Spec
43、imen6.1 When the test specimen represents a test lot of material,its selection shall conform to the requirements of PracticeA34/A34M or of an individual specification.6.2 To qualify as a test specimen suitable for evaluation ofmaterial properties the effective ratio of mean diameter toradial width s
44、hall be not less than 10 to 1 (or an inside diameterto outside diameter ratio not less than 0.82). When the testspecimen has smaller ratios than the above requirements, thetest results should not be represented as material properties butshould be called core properties because of nonuniform fluxdist
45、ribution.6.3 When link, oval-shaped, or rectangular test specimenforms are used, the requirements of 6.2 apply to the end orcorner sections where flux crowding occurs. When straight-sided test specimens are very long relative to the length of thecorner or end sections, they are suitable for basic ma
46、terialproperties evaluation with relatively unoriented materials pro-vided the uncertainty in determination of true-path (effective)length is less than 5 % of the total path length. When thisuncertainty in path length (shortest or longest relative to themean-path length) exceeds 5 %, the test values
47、 should bereported as core properties and not basic material properties.6.4 The test specimen may be constructed of solid, lami-nated, or strip materials and in any of the shapes described in1.1.6.5 Test specimen cores made from strip may be laminated,machined, spirally wound, or Epstein specimens (
48、the methodof selection for Epstein specimens is described in Test MethodA343/A343M, Annex A3). When the material is to be testedhalf transverse and half longitudinal, the material shall be cutinto Epstein strips or square laminations of adequate dimen-sional ratio.6.6 Test specimens used for basic m
49、aterial evaluation shallbe cut, machined, ground, slit, or otherwise formed to have across section that remains sufficiently uniform that its nonuni-formity will not materially affect the accuracy of establishingand measuring flux density, B, or magnetic field strength, H,inthe test specimen.6.7 When required for material properties development, thetest specimen shall have received a stress relief or other heattreatment after preparation. This heat treatment is subject toagreement between manufacturer and purchaser, manufacturersrecommendation, or
