1、2010 ASHRAEHANDBOOKREFRIGERATIONAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329(404) 636-8400 http:/www.ashrae.orgInch-Pound Edition2010 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers,Inc. Al
2、l rights reserved.DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OFTHE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIESNo part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE,except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a reviewwith appropriate credit; nor may any part
3、of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording,or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the infor-mation in this handbook, and it is g
4、enerally reviewed and updated every four years. Com-ments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors oromissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. Additions and correc-tions to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handb
5、ook published the yearfollowing their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet Web site.DISCLAIMERASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated,and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process,procedure, desi
6、gn, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technicaldata or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, orguaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like.ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in
7、 this publication is free of errors. Theentire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 978-1-933742-81-6ISSN 1930-7195The paper for this book was manufactured in an acid- and elemental-chlorine-free process with pulp obtained from sources using sustainable
8、forestry practices.CONTENTSContributorsASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource GroupsASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifePrefaceSYSTEMS AND PRACTICESChapter 1. Halocarbon Refrigeration Systems (TC 10.3, Refrigerant Piping)2. Ammonia Refrigeration Systems (TC 10.3)3
9、. Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Systems (TC 10.3)4. Liquid Overfeed Systems (TC 10.1, Custom-Engineered Refrigeration Systems)5. Component Balancing in Refrigeration Systems (TC 10.1)6. Refrigerant System Chemistry (TC 3.2, Refrigerant System Chemistry)7. Control of Moisture and Other Contaminants in
10、 Refrigerant Systems (TC 3.3, Refrigerant Contaminant Control)8. Equipment and System Dehydrating, Charging, and Testing (TC 8.1, Positive-Displacement Compressors)9. Refrigerant Containment, Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation (TC 8.3, Refrigerant Containment)COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTChapter 10. In
11、sulation Systems for Refrigerant Piping (TC 10.3)11. Refrigerant-Control Devices (TC 8.8, Refrigerant System Controls and Accessories)12. Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems (TC 3.4, Lubrication)13. Secondary Coolants in Refrigeration Systems (TC 10.1)14. Forced-Circulation Air Coolers (TC 8.4, Air-to
12、-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment)15. Retail Food Store Refrigeration and Equipment (TC 10.7, Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling, Display, and Storage)16. Food Service and General Commercial Refrigeration Equipment (TC 10.7)17. Household Refrigerators and Freezers (TC 8.9, Residential Refrigera
13、tors and Food Freezers)18. Absorption Equipment (TC 8.3, Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines)FOOD COOLING AND STORAGEChapter 19. Thermal Properties of Foods (TC 10.9, Refrigeration Applications for Foods and Beverages)20. Cooling and Freezing Times of Foods (TC 10.9)21. Commodity Storage Requireme
14、nts (TC 10.5, Refrigerated Distribution and Storage Facilities)22. Food Microbiology and Refrigeration (TC 10.9)23. Refrigerated-Facility Design (TC 10.5)24. Refrigerated-Facility Loads (TC 10.8, Refrigeration Load Calculations)REFRIGERATED TRANSPORTChapter 25. Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers,
15、 and Trucks (TC 10.6, Transport Refrigeration)26. Marine Refrigeration (TC 10.6)27. Air Transport (TC 10.6)FOOD, BEVERAGE, AND FLORAL APPLICATIONSChapter 28. Methods of Precooling Fruits, Vegetables, and Cut Flowers (TC 10.9)29. Industrial Food-Freezing Systems (TC 10.9)30. Meat Products (TC 10.9)31
16、. Poultry Products (TC 10.9)32. Fishery Products (TC 10.9)33. Dairy Products (TC 10.9)34. Eggs and Egg Products (TC 10.9)35. Deciduous Tree and Vine Fruit (TC 10.9)36. Citrus Fruit, Bananas, and Subtropical Fruit (TC 10.9)37. Vegetables (TC 10.9)38. Fruit Juice Concentrates and Chilled Juice Product
17、s (TC 10.9)39. Beverages (TC 10.9)40. Processed, Precooked, and Prepared Foods (TC 10.9)41. Bakery Products (TC 10.9)42. Chocolates, Candies, Nuts, Dried Fruits, and Dried Vegetables (TC 10.9)INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONSChapter 43. Ice Manufacture (TC 10.2, Automatic Icemaking Plants and Skating Rinks)44
18、. Ice Rinks (TC 10.2)45. Concrete Dams and Subsurface Soils (TC 10.1)46. Refrigeration in the Chemical Industry (TC 10.1)LOW-TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONSChapter 47. Cryogenics (TC 10.4, Ultralow-Temperature Systems and Cryogenics)48. Ultralow-Temperature Refrigeration (TC 10.4)49. Biomedical Application
19、s of Cryogenic Refrigeration (TC 10.4)GENERALChapter 50. Terminology of Refrigeration (TC 10.1)51. Codes and StandardsAdditions and CorrectionsIndexComposite index to the 2007 HVAC Applications, 2008 HVAC Systems and Equipment, 2009 Fundamentals, and 2010 Refrigeration volumesComment PagesCONTRIBUTO
20、RSIn addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantly to this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributors name.Lane Loyko (2)PLA CorporationJohn Sluga (2)Hansen Technologies CorporationM. Kent Anderson (3)Bruce Griffith (3)Johnson Control
21、s/FrickAndrew B. Pearson (3)Star Refrigeration, Ltd.Don Siller (3)John R. Topliss (3)Refrigeration Components (RCC) Canada Ltd.Robert Doerr (6)Jay Field (6)Trane CompanyGanesan Sundaresan (6)Sundaresan Consulting Services, LLCRaymond Tomas (6)HoneywellAlan P. Cohen (7)UOP LLCJoseph Longo (7)Hudson T
22、echnologies CompanyDanny Halel (7)Ingersoll RandAlexander D. Leyderman (8)Fairchild ControlsAlex Lifson (8)UT Carrier Co.Danny Halel (9)Hussman CorporationDaniel Miles (9)Vacuum Technologies, Inc.James W. Young, Jr. (10)ITW Insulation SystemsRobert A. Jones (11)Sporlan Division, Parker HannifinDenni
23、s Littwin (11)Fujikoki AmericaErnest Schumacher (11)Joe Karnaz (12)CPI EngineeringLiwen Wei (12)Novitas Chem SolutionsRob Yost (12)National RefrigerantPradeep Bansal (17)University of AucklandJohn Dieckmann (17)TIAX LLCDetlef Westphalen (17)Navigant Consulting, Inc.David Yashar (17)National Institut
24、e of Standards and TechnologyBryan R. Becker (19)University of MissouriKansas CityMatt Musich (25)Ingersoll RandRobert Srichai (25)Ingersoll RandJeff Berge (26)Ingersoll RandJosh Ide (26)Ingersoll RandBill Mohs (27)Ingersoll RandGeorge Johnston (38)TropicanaDaniel Dettmers (38, 50)IRC-University of
25、Wisconsin, MadisonJohn Edmonds (43)Edmonds Engineering Co.John Scott (43, 44)Natural Resources CanadaWayne Borrowman (44)Cimco RefrigerationRoger Taliotis (44)GeoxergyNick Dimick (50)IRC-University of Wisconsin, MadisonASHRAE HANDBOOK COMMITTEEDennis L. ONeal, Chair2010 Refrigeration Volume Subcommi
26、ttee: William J. McCartney, ChairRoberto R. Aguilo Daniel J. Dettmers Cecily M. GrzywaczASHRAE HANDBOOK STAFFW. Stephen Comstock, PublisherDirector of Publications and EducationMark S. Owen, EditorHeather E. Kennedy, Associate EditorNancy F. Thysell, Typographer/Page DesignerDavid Soltis, Manager an
27、d Jayne E. Jackson, Publications Traffic AdministratorPublishing ServicesASHRAE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES, TASK GROUPS, AND TECHNICAL RESOURCE GROUPSSECTION 1.0FUNDAMENTALS AND GENERAL1.1 Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics1.2 Instruments and Measurements1.3 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow1.4 Control Theory a
28、nd Application1.5 Computer Applications1.6 Terminology1.7 Business, Management, and General Legal Education1.8 Mechanical Systems Insulation1.9 Electrical Systems1.10 Cogeneration Systems1.11 Electric Motors and Motor Control1.12 Moisture Management in BuildingsTG1 Exergy Analysis for Sustainable Bu
29、ildings (EXER)TG1 Optimization (OPT)SECTION 2.0ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY2.1 Physiology and Human Environment2.2 Plant and Animal Environment2.3 Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment2.4 Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment2.5 Global Climate C
30、hange2.6 Sound and Vibration Control2.7 Seismic and Wind Restraint Design2.8 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability2.9 Ultraviolet Air and Surface TreatmentTG2 Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Security (HVAC)SECTION 3.0MATERIALS AND PROCESSES3.1 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolan
31、ts3.2 Refrigerant System Chemistry3.3 Refrigerant Contaminant Control3.4 Lubrication3.6 Water Treatment3.8 Refrigerant ContainmentTG3 HVAC tele-phone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.PrefaceThe 2010 ASHRAE HandbookRefrigeration covers the refrig-eration equipment and systems for applications other than
32、 humancomfort. This book includes information on cooling, freezing, andstoring food; industrial applications of refrigeration; and low-tem-perature refrigeration. Primarily a reference for the practicing engi-neer, this volume is also useful for anyone involved in cooling andstorage of food products
33、.An accompanying CD-ROM contains all the volumes chaptersin both I-P and SI units.This edition includes two new chapters:Chapter 3, Carbon Dioxide Refrigeration Systems, describes thehistory of this “natural refrigerant” and why it is the subject ofrenewed interest today. The chapter contains discus
34、sion and dia-grams on CO2refrigerant applications, system design, equip-ment, safety, lubricants, commissioning, operation, andmaintenance.Chapter 50, Terminology of Refrigeration, lists some of the com-mon terms used in industrial refrigeration systems, particularlysystems using ammonia as the refr
35、igerant.Also new for this volume, chapter titles, order, and groupingshave been revised for more logical flow and use. Some of the otherrevisions and additions are as follows:Chapter 2, Ammonia Refrigeration Systems, has added guidanceon avoiding hydraulic shock, on purging water and noncondens-able
36、s, as well as on hot-gas defrost and defrost control.Chapter 6, Refrigerant System Chemistry, has added informationon polyvinyl ether (PVE) lubricants and corrosion, plus updatesfor recent ASHRAE research on copper plating and material com-patibility.Chapter 8, Equipment and System Dehydrating, Char
37、ging, andTesting, has new table data on dehydration and moisture-measuringmethods and a revised section on performance testing.Chapter 9, Refrigerant Containment, Recovery, Recycling, andReclamation, has added a new table comparing sensitivities ofvarious leak-detection methods and a procedure for r
38、eceiver levelmonitoring.Chapter 11, Refrigerant-Control Devices, has updated informa-tion on electric expansion valves and discharge bypass valves,plus revised figures on thermostatic expansion valves (TXVs) andseveral revised examples.Chapter 12, Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems, has new contenton
39、 pressure/viscosity coefficients, compressibility factors, andlubricants effects on system performance.Chapter 17, Household Refrigerators and Freezers, has been reor-ganized and updated for revised standards and new componenttechnologies, including variable-speed and linear compressors,and has info
40、rmation on new configurations and functions, such aswine cooling units, rapid-chill/freeze/thaw, and odor elimination.The section on performance evaluation has been revised and inte-grated with the section on standards.Chapter 25, Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers, and Trucks, hasbeen updated wi
41、th information on multitemperature compart-ments and air curtains.Chapter 38, Fruit Juice Concentrates and Chilled Juice Products,has added description of storage tank sterilization.Chapter 44, Ice Rinks, has extensive changes to the section onheat recovery and updated loads information based on ASH
42、RAEresearch project RP-1289.This volume is published, both as a bound print volume and inelectronic format on a CD-ROM, in two editions: one using inch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the InternationalSystem of Units (SI).Corrections to the 2007, 2008, and 2009 Handbook volumes can
43、be found on the ASHRAE Web site at http:/www.ashrae.org and inthe Additions and Corrections section of this volume. Correctionsfor this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on theASHRAE Web site.Reader comments are enthusiastically invited. To suggestimprovements for a chapter, please comment using the form onthe ASHRAE Web site or, using the cutout pages at the end of thisvolumes index, write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 TullieCircle, Atlanta, GA 30329, or fax 678-539-2187, or e-mailmowenashrae.org.Mark S. OwenEditor
