1、2015 ASHRAE HANDBOOK HVAC APPLICATIONS I-P Edition Supported by ASHRAE Research2015 ASHRAE HANDBOOK Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning APPLICATIONS ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org Inch-Pound Edition 2015 ASHRAE. All rights reserved. DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCE
2、MENT OF THE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIES No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, sto
3、red in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permis- sion should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions. Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compile
4、d the infor- mation in this handbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years. Com- ments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors or omissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. Additions and correc- tions to Hand
5、book volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the year following their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet web site. DISCLAIMER ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to in
6、vestigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design,
7、or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user. ISBN 978-1-936504-93-0 ISSN 1078-6074 The paper for this book is both acid- and elemental-chlorine-free and was m
8、anufactured with pulp obtained from sources using sustainable forestry practices.CONTENTS Contributors ASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource Groups ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life Preface COMFORT APPLICATIONS Chapter 1. Residences (TC 8.11, Unitary and Room
9、Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps) 2. Retail Facilities (TC 9.8, Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications) 3. Commercial and Public Buildings (TC 9.8) 4. Tall Buildings (TC 9.12, Tall Buildings) 5. Places of Assembly (TC 9.8) 6. Hotels, Motels, and Dormitories (TC 9.8) 7. Educational Facilities (T
10、C 9.7) 8. Health Care Facilities (TC 9.6, Healthcare Facilities) 9. Justice Facilities (TC 9.4, Justice Facilities) 10. Automobiles (TC 9.3, Transportation Air Conditioning) 11. Mass Transit (TC 9.3) 12. Aircraft (TC 9.3) 13. Ships (TC 9.3) INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Chapter 14. Industrial Air Conditio
11、ning (TC 9.2, Industrial Air Conditioning) 15. Enclosed Vehicular Facilities (TC 5.9, Enclosed Vehicular Facilities) 16. Laboratories (TC 9.10, Laboratory Systems) 17. Engine Test Facilities (TC 9.2) 18. Clean Spaces (TC 9.11, Clean Spaces) 19. Data Centers and Telecommunication Facilities (TC 9.9,
12、Mission Critical Facilities, Data Centers, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment) 20. Printing Plants (TC 9.2) 21. Textile Processing Plants (TC 9.2) 22. Photographic Material Facilities (TC 9.2) 23. Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries (TC 9.8) 24. Environmental Control for Animals and
13、 Plants (TC 2.2, Plant and Animal Environment) 25. Drying and Storing Selected Farm Crops (TC 2.2) 26. Air Conditioning of Wood and Paper Product Facilities (TC 9.2) 27. Power Plants (TC 9.2) 28. Nuclear Facilities (TC 9.2) 29. Mine Ventilation and Air Conditioning (TC 9.2) 30. Industrial Drying (TC
14、 9.2) 31. Ventilation of the Industrial Environment (TC 5.8, Industrial Ventilation) 32. Industrial Local Exhaust (TC 5.8) 33. Kitchen Ventilation (TC 5.10, Kitchen Ventilation)ENERGY-RELATED APPLICATIONS Chapter 34. Geothermal Energy (TC 6.8, Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications) 3
15、5. Solar Energy Use (TC 6.7, Solar Energy Utilization) BUILDING OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT Chapter 36. Energy Use and Management (TC 7.6, Building Energy Performance) 37. Owning and Operating Costs (TC 7.8, Owning and Operating Costs) 38. Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TC 7.7, Testing and Balanci
16、ng) 39. Operation and Maintenance Management (TC 7.3, Operation and Maintenance Management) 40. Computer Applications (TC 1.5, Computer Applications) 41. Building Energy Monitoring (TC 7.6) 42. Supervisory Control Strategies and Optimization (TC 7.5, Smart Building Systems) 43. HV AC Commissioning (
17、TC 7.9, Building Commissioning) GENERAL APPLICATIONS Chapter 44. Building Envelopes (TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance) 45. Building Air Intake and Exhaust Design (TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration) 46. Air Cleaners for Gaseous Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous
18、 Air Contaminants and Gas Con- taminant Removal Equipment) 47. Design and Application of Controls (TC 1.4, Control Theory and Application) 48. Noise and Vibration Control (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration Control) 49. Water Treatment: Deposition, Corrosion, and Biological Control (TC 3.6, Water Treatment
19、) 50. Service Water Heating (TC 6.6, Service Water Heating Systems) 51. Snow Melting and Freeze Protection (TC 6.5, Radiant Heating and Cooling) 52. Evaporative Cooling (TC 5.7, Evaporative Cooling) 53. Fire and Smoke Control (TC 5.6, Control of Fire and Smoke) 54. Radiant Heating and Cooling (TC 6.
20、5) 55. Seismic- and Wind-Resistant Design (TC 2.7, Seismic and Wind Resistant Design) 56. Electrical Considerations (TC 1.9, Electrical Systems) 57. Room Air Distribution (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution) 58. Integrated Building Design (TC 7.1, Integrated Building Design) 59. HV AC Security (TG2, Heat
21、ing, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Security) 60. Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment (TC 2.9, Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment) 61. Smart Building Systems (TC 7.5) 62. Moisture Management in Buildings (TC 1.12, Moisture Management in Buildings) 63. Codes and Standards Additions and Correc
22、tions Index Composite index to the 2012 HV AC Systems and Equipment, 2013 Fundamentals, 2014 Refrig- eration, and 2015 HV AC Applications volumes Comment PagesCONTRIBUTORS In addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantly to this volume. The appropriate cha
23、pter numbers follow each contributors name. Van Baxter (1) Oak Ridge National Laboratory Eric Berg (1) Lennox Industries Amr Gado (1) Emerson Climate Technologies Fred T. Garrett, Jr. (1) Raymond Rite (1) Ingersoll RandTrane Robert Uselton (1) Lennox Industries Peter Simmonds (4) Building and System
24、s Analytics Vincent Kam-Chuen Tse (4) Parsons Brinkerhoff (Asia) Ltd. William Webb (4) Webb Fire Protection Consulting, LLC Dennis Wessel (4) Karpinski Engineering Itzhak Maor (7) Johnson Controls Peter Langowski (8) BSA LifeStructures, Inc. Ann Peratt (8) PKMR Engineers Ken Mead (8, 31, 32) Centers
25、 for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Edward D. (Doug) Fitts (9) Fitts HV AC Consulting Gursaran D. Mathur (10, 52) Calsonic Kansei North America Jim Bushnell (11) HV AC Consulting Services Hugh Ferdows (11) Sutrak Corporation Robert May (11) LTK
26、Engineering Gary J. Prusak (11) Bombardier Transport Gary Dutt (12) The Boeing Company Richard Fox (12) Honeywell Aerospace Ray Horstman (12) Paul Lebbin (12) Canadian National Research Council Augusto San Cristobal (13) Bronswerk Group Adam Smith (13) Bronswerk Group Christopher Spunar (13) Carrier
27、 Corp. Charlie Chun-Lun Shieh (14, 17, 18, 27) CYS Consulting, LLC Michael C. Connor (14) Connor Engineering Solutions Eileen Jensen (14) Bonneville Power Administration John B. Riley (14) Albert Hartman (16) Harley Ellis Devereaux John Castelvecchi (17) Shultz and James, Inc. Will Mak (17) Cyclone
28、Energy Group Svein Morner (17) Sustainable Engineering Group LLC Kishor Khankari (18) AnSight LLC Gary Shamshoian (18) Integrated Building Design Engineering Tengfang (Tim) Xu (18) Andrew R. Baxter (19) Page Southerland Page, LLP Don Beaty (19) DLB Associates George W. DeGroft, III (19) Architect of
29、 the Capitol Nicholas H. DesChamps (19) Munters Corporation Mark Hydeman (19) Taylor Engineering, LLC Daniel Kennedy (19) Tate Access Floors, Inc. Matthew Koukl (19) Affiliated Engineers, Inc. Robert E. McFarlane (19) Shen Milsom & Wilke LLC David C. Meadows II (19) Stulz Air Technology Systems, Inc
30、. Jim Merrill (19) Shen Milsom & Wilke, LLC Chris Muller (19) Purafil, Inc. David Quirk (19) DLB Associates Roger Schmidt (19) IBM Corporation Mark J. Seymour (19) Future Facilities, Ltd. Vali Sorell (19) Syska Hennessy Group Robin Steinbrecher (19) Intel Corporation Robert M. Tozer (19) Operational
31、 Intelligence, Ltd. Herbert Michael Villa (19) Rittal Corporation Thomas B. Axley (27) Enercon Dipankar “Deep” Ghosh (27, 29) Southern Nuclear Erich Binder (29) Erich Binder Consulting Limited Lucien Nel (29) March Consulting Associates, Inc. John McKernan (31, 32) U.S. Environmental Protection Agen
32、cy Doug Horton (33) D.J. Horton and Associates Francis Kohout (33) McDonalds Corporation Derek Schrock (33) Halton Company Rich Swierczyna (33) Fisher-Nickel, Inc. Michel Bernier (34) Polytechnique Montreal Scott Hackel (34) Energy Center of Wisconsin Steve Kavanaugh (34) University of AlabamaConsta
33、ntinos A. Balaras (35) National Observatory of Athens, Greece Mark Hertel (35) SunEarth Sheldon M. Jeter (35) Georgia Institute of Technology Maurice W. Wildin (35) University of New Mexico Richard Danks (39) Angela Lewis (39) Facility Engineering Associates Cedric Trueman (39) Trueman Engineering S
34、ervices Michael R. Brambley (39, 61) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Peter Armstrong (42) Masdar Institute Nicholas Gayeski (42) KGS Buildings, LLC Josh Wall (42) CSIRO Energy Flagship John K. Ward (42) CSIRO Energy Flagship Glenn Remington (42) Consumers Energy Carolyn (Gemma) Kerr (46) Brian
35、 Krafthefer (46) BCK Consulting Ashish Mathur (46) UVDI Marcelo Acosta (47) Armstrong Fluid Technology Garry Cole (47) Belimo Americas Dave Kahn (47) RMH Group Jack Wang (48) The Trane Company Steve Wise (48) Wise Associates Henry Becker (49) H-O-H Water Technology, Inc. Jon Cohen (49) H-O-H Water T
36、echnology, Inc. Clive Ling (49) Cascade Water Services Michael McDonald (49) Chem-Aqua Frank T. Morrison (49) Baltimore Aircoil Co. Michael Patton (49) Griswold Water Systems Bill Pearson (49) Southeast Laboratories Patrick Racine (49) Eldon Water Alain Trahan (49) H2O Biotech, Inc./Eautec, Inc. Dan
37、 Weimar (49) Chem-Aqua Mike Scofield (52) Conservation Mechanical Systems John Klote (53) SmokeControlE Paul Turnbull (53) Siemens Building Technologies, Inc. Steven L. Faulkner (56) Georgia Power Company Armin Hauer (56) EBM Papst, Inc. Lawrence C. Markel (56) SRA Frank Pucciano (56) Schneider Elec
38、tric Howard McKew (59) BuildingSmartSoftware, LLC Jaak Geboers (60) Philips Lighting BV Stephen B. Martin, Jr. (60) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Dean A. Saputa (60) UV Resources Rich Hackner (61) GDS Associates, Inc. William Healy
39、(61) National Institute of Standards and Technology David Holmberg (61) National Institute of Standards and Technology Srinivas Katipamula (61) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Joshua Rhodes (61) University of Texas at Austin John Ruiz (61) Johnson Controls, Inc. Li Song (61) The University of
40、Oklahoma Zhen Song (61) Siemens Corporation Kate St. Clair (61) GDS Associates, Inc. Danny Taasevigen (61) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Yuebin Yu (61) University of Nebraska-Lincoln Brady Carter (62) Decagon Devices Lew Harriman (62) Mason-Grant Consulting K. Quinn Hart (62) U.S. Air Force
41、Civil Engineering Support Agency (Retired) ASHRAE HANDBOOK COMMITTEE Daniel J. Dettmers, Chair 2015 Applications V olume Subcommittee: Christopher J. Ahne, Chair Paula A. Hernandez Sheldon M. Jeter Francis A. Mills George J. Sestak Gerald G. Williams ASHRAE HANDBOOK STAFF W. Stephen Comstock, Publis
42、her Director of Publications and Education Mark S. Owen, Editor Heather E. Kennedy, Managing Editor Nancy F. Thysell, Typographer/Page Designer David Soltis, Group Manager, and Jayne E. Jackson, Publications Traffic Administrator Publishing ServicesASHRAE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES, TASK GROUPS, AND TECHN
43、ICAL RESOURCE GROUPS SECTION 1.0FUNDAMENTALS AND GENERAL 1.1 Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics 1.2 Instruments and Measurements 1.3 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow 1.4 Control Theory and Application 1.5 Computer Applications 1.6 Terminology 1.7 Business, Management, and General Legal Education 1.8 Mech
44、anical Systems Insulation 1.9 Electrical Systems 1.10 Cogeneration Systems 1.11 Electric Motors and Motor Control 1.12 Moisture Management in Buildings 1.13 Optimization SECTION 2.0ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2.1 Physiology and Human Environment 2.2 Plant and Animal Environment 2.3 Gaseous Air Contaminant
45、s and Gas Contaminant Removal Equipment 2.4 Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment 2.5 Global Climate Change 2.6 Sound and Vibration Control 2.7 Seismic and Wind Resistant Design 2.8 Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability 2.9 Ultraviolet Air and Surface
46、 Treatment TG2 Heating, V entilation, and Air-Conditioning Security (HV AC) SECTION 3.0MATERIALS AND PROCESSES 3.1 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants 3.2 Refrigerant System Chemistry 3.3 Refrigerant Contaminant Control 3.4 Lubrication 3.6 Water Treatment 3.8 Refrigerant Containment SECTION 4.0LOAD
47、CALCULATIONS AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS 4.1 Load Calculation Data and Procedures 4.2 Climatic Information 4.3 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration 4.4 Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance 4.5 Fenestration 4.7 Energy Calculations 4.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling TRG4 Indoor Air Qu
48、ality Procedure Development SECTION 5.0VENTILATION AND AIR DISTRIBUTION 5.1 Fans 5.2 Duct Design 5.3 Room Air Distribution 5.4 Industrial Process Air Cleaning (Air Pollution Control) 5.5 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery 5.6 Control of Fire and Smoke 5.7 Evaporative Cooling 5.8 Industrial Ventilation 5.9 E
49、nclosed Vehicular Facilities 5.10 Kitchen Ventilation 5.11 Humidifying Equipment SECTION 6.0HEATING EQUIPMENT, HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 6.1 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems 6.2 District Energy 6.3 Central Forced Air Heating and Cooling Systems 6.5 Radiant Heating and Cooling 6.6 Service Water Heating Systems 6.7 Solar Energy Utilization 6.8 Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications 6.9 Thermal Storage 6.10 Fuels and Combustion SECTION 7.0BUILDING PERFORMANCE 7.1 Integrated Building Design 7.2 HV AC&R Construction and Design Build T
