1、2011ASHRAE HANDBOOKHVAC ApplicationsI-P EditionSupported by ASHRAE ResearchThe four-volume ASHRAE Handbook is a reference for engineers working in HVAC nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, record
2、ing,or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the infor-mation in this handbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years. Com-ments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. An
3、y errors oromissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. Additions and correc-tions to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the yearfollowing their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet Web site.DISCLAIMERASHRAE has c
4、ompiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated,and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process,procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technicaldata or editorial material in this publication does no
5、t constitute endorsement, warranty, orguaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like.ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. Theentire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 9
6、78-1-936504-06-0ISSN 1078-6074The paper for this book was manufactured in an acid- andelemental-chlorine-free process with pulp obtained from sourcesusing sustainable forestry practices. The printing used soy-based inks.CONTENTSContributorsASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Reso
7、urce GroupsASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifePrefaceCOMFORT APPLICATIONSChapter 1. Residences (TC 8.11, Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps)2. Retail Facilities (TC 9.8, Large-Building Air-Conditioning Applications)3. Commercial and Public Buildings (TC 9.8)4. Tall Buildings
8、 (TC 9.12, Tall Buildings)5. Places of Assembly (TC 9.8)6. Hotels, Motels, and Dormitories (TC 9.8)7. Educational Facilities (TC 9.7)8. Health-Care Facilities (TC 9.6, Health-Care Facilities)9. Justice Facilities (TG9.JF, Justice Facilities)10. Automobiles (TC 9.3, Transportation Air Conditioning)11
9、. Mass Transit (TC 9.3)12. Aircraft (TC 9.3)13. Ships (TC 9.3)INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONSChapter 14. Industrial Air Conditioning (TC 9.2, Industrial Air Conditioning)15. Enclosed Vehicular Facilities (TC 5.9, Enclosed Vehicular Facilities)16. Laboratories (TC 9.10, Laboratory Systems)17. Engine Test Fac
10、ilities (TC 9.2)18. Clean Spaces (TC 9.11, Clean Spaces)19. Data Processing and Telecommunication Facilities (TC 9.9, Mission-Critical Facilities,Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment)20. Printing Plants (TC 9.2)21. Textile Processing Plants (TC 9.2)22. Photographic Material Facilities (TC 9.2
11、)23. Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries (TC 9.8)24. Environmental Control for Animals and Plants (TC 2.2, Plant and Animal Environment)25. Drying and Storing Selected Farm Crops (TC 2.2)26. Air Conditioning of Wood and Paper Product Facilities (TC 9.2)27. Power Plants (TC 9.2)28. Nuclear Fa
12、cilities (TC 9.2)29. Mine Air Conditioning and Ventilation (TC 9.2)30. Industrial Drying (TC 9.2)31. Ventilation of the Industrial Environment (TC 5.8, Industrial Ventilation Systems)32. Industrial Local Exhaust (TC 5.8)33. Kitchen Ventilation (TC 5.10, Kitchen Ventilation)ENERGY-RELATED APPLICATION
13、SChapter 34. Geothermal Energy (TC 6.8, Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications)35. Solar Energy Use (TC 6.7, Solar Energy Utilization)BUILDING OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENTChapter 36. Energy Use and Management (TC 7.6, Building Energy Performance)37. Owning and Operating Costs (TC 7.8, Ow
14、ning and Operating Costs)38. Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TC 7.7, Testing and Balancing)39. OperationandMaintenanceManagement(TC7.3,OperationandMaintenanceManagement)40. Computer Applications (TC 1.5, Computer Applications)41. Building Energy Monitoring (TC 7.6)42. Supervisory Control Strategi
15、es and Optimization (TC 7.5, Smart Building Systems)43. HVAC Commissioning (TC 7.9, Building Commissioning)GENERAL APPLICATIONSChapter 44. Building Envelopes (TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance)45. Building Air Intake and Exhaust Design (TC 4.3, Ventilation Requirements and
16、 Infiltration)46. Control of Gaseous Indoor Air Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous Air Contaminants and GasContaminant Removal Equipment)47. Design and Application of Controls (TC 1.4, Control Theory and Application)48. Noise and Vibration Control (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration Control)49. Water Treatment
17、(TC 3.6, Water Treatment)50. Service Water Heating (TC 6.6, Service Water Heating)51. Snow Melting and Freeze Protection (TC 6.5, Radiant Heating and Cooling)52. Evaporative Cooling (TC 5.7, Evaporative Cooling)53. Fire and Smoke Management (TC 5.6, Control of Fire and Smoke)54. Radiant Heating and
18、Cooling (TC 6.5)55. Seismic- and Wind-Resistant Design (TC 2.7, Seismic and Wind Restraint Design)56. Electrical Considerations (TC 1.9, Electrical Systems)57. Room Air Distribution (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution)58. Integrated Building Design (TC 7.1, Integrated Building Design)59. HVAC Security (T
19、G2.HVAC, Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Security)60. Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment (TC 2.9, Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment)61. Codes and StandardsAdditions and CorrectionsIndexCompositeindextothe2008HVACSystemsandEquipment,2009Fundamentals,2010Refrig-eration, and 2011 HVAC
20、 Applications volumesComment PagesCONTRIBUTORSIn addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantlyto this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributors name.Eric Berg (1)Lennox Industries, Inc.Lorenzo Cremaschi (1)Oklahoma State UniversityJo
21、hn E. Wolfert (2)Itzhak Maor (3, 7)Johnson ControlsHarvey Brickman (4)Tishman Realty tele-phone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.PrefaceThe 2011 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications comprisesover 60 chapters covering a broad range of facilities and topics, andis written to help engineers design and use equ
22、ipment and systemsdescribed in other Handbook volumes. ASHRAE Technical Com-mittees have revised nearly every chapter to cover current require-ments, technology, and design practice. An accompanying CD-ROM contains all the volumes chapters in both I-P and SI units.This edition includes two new chapt
23、ers:Chapter 4, Tall Buildings, focuses on HVAC issues unique to tallbuildings, including stack effect, system selection, mechanicalroom location, water distribution, vertical transportation, and lifesafety.Chapter 60, Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment, covers ultra-violet germicidal irradiation
24、(UVGI) systems and relevant guide-lines, standards, and practices, as well as energy use andeconomic considerations.Here are selected highlights of the other revisions and additions:Chapter 3, Commercial and Public Buildings, now covers officebuildings,transportationcenters,andwarehousesanddistribut
25、ioncenters, with new sections on commissioning, sustainability,energyefficiency,energybenchmarking,renewableenergy,valueengineering, and life-cycle cost analysis.Chapter 7, Educational Facilities, has added content on highereducation facilities, commissioning, dedicated outdoor air sys-tems (DOAS),
26、combined heat and power (CHP), and sustainabil-ity and energy efficiency.Chapter 8, Health-Care Facilities, has been updated to reflectASHRAE Standard 170-2008 and has revised discussion ondesign criteria for pharmacies.Chapter 18, Clean Spaces, has updated content on standards, fil-ters, barrier te
27、chnology, and sustainability plus a new section oninstallation and test procedures.Chapter 19, Data Processing and Telecommunication Facilities,has a new title and revised and/or new content on design temper-atures, change rate, humidity, power usage effectiveness (PUE),aisle containment, economizer
28、 cycles, and computer room air-handling (CRAH) units.Chapter33,KitchenVentilation,largelyrewritten,coverskeysus-tainability impacts and recent research results.Chapter 34, Geothermal Energy, has updated tables and graphs,with new, step-by-step design guidance on vertical systems, andexpanded content
29、 on hybrid systems, ISO rating, and system effi-ciency.Chapter 36, Energy Use and Management, has updates onASHRAEs Building Energy Quotient (eQ) labeling program.Chapter40,ComputerApplications,updatedthroughout,hasnewcontent on building information modeling (BIM) and wirelessapplications.Chapter 41
30、, Building Energy Monitoring, has a new section onsimplifying methodology for small projects.Chapter 42, Supervisory Control Strategies and Optimization, hasbeen reorganized, with new content on thermal storage and ther-mally active building systems (TABS), hybrid cooling plants, andpredictive contr
31、ol.Chapter43,HVACCommissioning,hasbeenupdatedthroughoutto reflect ASHRAE Guideline 1.1-2007.Chapter 44, Building Envelopes, has reorganized and expandedcontent on nonresidential and existing buildings, durability, andcommon building envelope assemblies.Chapter48,NoiseandVibrationControl,hasanewtitle
32、plusreor-ganized and new content on noise criteria, chiller noise, andvibration measurement.Chapter 50, Service Water Heating, has expanded content on siz-ing tankless water heaters plus new data on piping heat loss.Chapter 55, Seismic- and Wind-Resistant Design, has a new titleand reflects changes
33、to building codes, standards for anchor boltdesign, and other new requirements.Chapter57,RoomAirDistribution,hasextensivenewapplicationguidelines plus new content on indoor air quality (IAQ), sustain-ability, and chilled beams.Chapter 59, HVAC Security, has a new title, with updates fromASHRAE Guide
34、line 29-2009 and new sections on risk evalua-tion, requirements analysis, and system design.This volume is published, both as a bound print volume and inelectronic format on a CD-ROM, in two editions: one using inch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the InternationalSystem of Units (
35、SI).Corrections to the 2008, 2009, and 2010 Handbook volumes canbe found on the ASHRAE Web site at http:/www.ashrae.org and inthe Additions and Corrections section of this volume. Correctionsfor this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on theASHRAE Web site.Reader comments are enthusiast
36、ically invited. To suggestimprovements for a chapter, please comment using the form onthe ASHRAE Web site or, using the cutout pages at the end of thisvolumes index, write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 TullieCircle, Atlanta, GA 30329, or fax 678-539-2187, or e-mailmowenashrae.org.project RP-1289.
37、Mark S. OwenEditor1.1CHAPTER 1RESIDENCESSystems 1.1Equipment Sizing. 1.2Single-Family Residences . 1.3Multifamily Residences . 1.6Manufactured Homes 1.7PACE-CONDITIONING systems for residential use vary withSboth local and application factors. Local factors include energysource availability (present
38、 and projected) and price; climate;socioeconomic circumstances; and availability of installation andmaintenance skills. Application factors include housing type, con-struction characteristics, and building codes. As a result, many dif-ferent systems are selected to provide combinations of heating,co
39、oling, humidification, dehumidification, ventilation, and air filter-ing. This chapter emphasizes the more common systems for spaceconditioning of both single-family (i.e., traditional site-built andmodular or manufactured homes) and multifamily residences. Low-rise multifamily buildings generally f
40、ollow single-family practicebecause constraints favor compact designs; HVAC systems in high-rise apartment, condominium, and dormitory buildings are often ofcommercial types similar to those used in hotels. Retrofit and remod-eling construction also adopt the same systems as those for new con-struct
41、ion, but site-specific circumstances may call for uniquedesigns.SYSTEMSCommon residential systems are listed in Table 1. Three gener-ally recognized groups are central forced air, central hydronic, andzoned systems. System selection and design involve such key deci-sions as (1) source(s) of energy,
42、(2) means of distribution and deliv-ery, and (3) terminal device(s).Climate determines the services needed. Heating and coolingare generally required. Air cleaning, by filtration or electrostaticdevices, is present in most systems. Humidification, which is com-monly added to all but the most basic s
43、ystems, is provided in heat-ing systems for thermal comfort (as defined in ASHRAE Standard55), health, and reduction of static electricity discharges. Coolingsystems usually dehumidify air as well as lowering its temperature.Typical forced-air residential installations are shown in Figures 1and 2.Fi
44、gure 1 shows a gas furnace, split-system air conditioner,humidifier, and air filter. Air from the space enters the equipmentthrough a return air duct. It passes initially through the air filter. Thecirculating blower is an integral part of the furnace, which suppliesheat during winter. An optional h
45、umidifier adds moisture to theheated air, which is distributed throughout the home via the supplyduct. When cooling is required, heat and moisture are removed fromthe circulating air as it passes across the evaporator coil. Refrigerantlines connect the evaporator coil to a remote condensing unit loc
46、atedoutdoors. Condensate from the evaporator is removed through adrainline with a trap.Figure 2 shows a split-system heat pump, supplemental electricresistance heaters, humidifier, and air filter. The system functions asfollows: Air from the space enters the equipment through the returnair duct, and
47、 passes through a filter. The circulating blower is anintegral part of the indoor air-handling portion of the heat pump sys-tem, which supplies heat through the indoor coil during the heatingseason. Optional electric heaters supplement heat from the heatpump during periods of low outdoor temperature
48、 and counteractindoor airstream cooling during periodic defrost cycles. An optionalThe preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 8.11, Unitary and RoomAir Conditioners and Heat Pumps.Table 1 Residential Heating and Cooling SystemsCentralForced AirCentralHydronic ZonedMost commonenergysourcesGasO
49、ilElectricityGasOilElectricityGasElectricityDistribution mediumAir WaterSteamAirWaterRefrigerantDistributionsystemDucting Piping DuctingPiping orFree deliveryTerminaldevicesDiffusersRegistersGrillesRadiatorsRadiant panelsFan-coil unitsIncluded with product or same as forced-air or hydronic systemsFig. 1 Typical Residential Installation of Heating, Cooling,Humidifying, and Air Filtering SystemFig. 1 Typical Residential Installation of Heating, Cooling, Humidifying, andAir Filtering System1.2 2011 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applicationshumidifier adds moisture to the heated air, which is di
