1、 HVAC Design Manual for Hospitals and ClinicsSecond Edition 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.This publication was prepared under the au
2、spices of ASHRAE Technical Committee (TC) 9.6, Healthcare Facilities.Reg Brown, P.E.(Chapters 3, 8)Price IndustriesDonald Burroughs, P.E.(Chapter 3)Dewberry Engineers, Inc.Jill Connell, P.E. (Chapter 5)CDi EngineersHal Corin, E.I. (Glossary)Dewberry Engineers, Inc.Jeff Crozier, P.E. (Chapter 7)Preci
3、s Engineering, Inc.Jeremy Fauber, P.E. (Chapter 4)Heapy EngineeringTraci Hanegan, P.E. (Chapters 2, 8)Coffman Engineers, Inc.Jeff Hardin, P.E. (Chapters 1, 2, 5)U.S. Army Corps of EngineersDave Koenigshofer, P.E. (Chapter 7)Dewberry Engineers, Inc.John M. Kramer, P.E. (Chapter 6)Duke University Medi
4、cal CenterNicolas Lemire, P.Eng. (Chapter 8)Pageau MorelMichael Meteyer, P.E. (Chapters 8, 9, 12, 13)ErdmanFrank Mills, C.Eng. (Chapter 2)Sinclair Knight MerzHeather Platt, P.E. (Chapter 11)Seneca Construction Management Corp.Layle Thomas (References, Bibliographies)Dewberry Engineers, Inc.Jerry Tho
5、mpson, P.E. (Chapter 6)Duke University Medical CenterRon Westbrook, P.E. (Chapters 10, 12)State University of New York CONTRIBUTORSDan Koenigshofer, P.E., Editor(Chapters 2, 8)Dewberry Engineers, Inc.John Murphy, ReviewerTrane CompanyWalter Grondzik, P.E., Technical Editor 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.or
6、g). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.HVAC Design Manual for Hospitals and ClinicsSecond Edition 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional repro
7、duction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. 2003, 2013 ASHRAE1791 Tullie CircleAtlanta, GA 30329All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America.ISBN 978-1-936504-39-8ASHRAE is a registered trademark in
8、the U.S. Patent and Trademark Ofce, owned by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate any product, service, process, proce
9、dure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the i
10、nformation in this publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in the publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from
11、 ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way for or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout perm
12、ission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Any updates/errata to this publication will be postedon the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.Special PublicationsMark S. Owen, Editor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special Pub
13、licationsCindy Shefeld Michaels, Managing EditorJames Madison Walker, Associate EditorRoberta Hirschbuehler, Assistant EditorSarah Boyle, Editorial AssistantMichshell Phillips, Editorial CoordinatorPublishing ServicesDavid Soltis, Group Manager of Publishing Services and Electronic CommunicationsJay
14、ne Jackson, Publication Trafc AdministratorPublisherW. Stephen ComstockASHRAE STAFF Library of Congress Catalog-in-Publication DataHVAC design manual for hospitals and clinics. Second edition.Summary: “Provides in-depth design recommendations and proven, cost effective, and reliable solutions for he
15、alth care HVAC design that provide low maintenance cost and high reliability based on best practices from consulting and hospital engineers with decades of experience in the design, construction, and operation of health care facilities” Provided by publisher.pages cmIncludes bibliographical referenc
16、es and index.ISBN 978-1-936504-39-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Hospital buildingsUnited StatesDesign and constructionHandbooks, manuals, etc. 2. ClinicsUnited StatesDesign and constructionHandbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Hospital buildingsHeating and ventilationUnited StatesHandbooks, manuals, etc. 4. C
17、linicsHeating and ventilationUnited StatesHandbooks, manuals, etc. 5. Hospital buildingsAir conditioningUnited StatesHandbooks, manuals, etc. 6. ClinicsAir conditioningUnited StatesHandbooks, manuals, etc. I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. II. Title: heati
18、ng, ventilation, and air conditioning design manual for hospitals and clinics.RA967.H85 2012725.51dc23 2012049776 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written
19、 permission.vCONTENTSFOREWORD . IXCHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW OF HEALTH CARE HVAC SYSTEMS . 11.1 Introduction . 11.2 Basic Classication of Health Care Facilities . 11.3 Health Care H VAC System Functions 21.4 Criteria and Accreditation 51.5 Sustainable Design . 71.6 Equipment Sizing for Heating and Cooling L
20、oads . 91.7 Ventilation and Outdoor Air Quality . 101.8 Environmental Control . 121.9 H VAC System Hygiene . 131.10 Flexibility for Future Changes . 141.11 Integrated Design . 141.12 Commissioning 171.13 Conclusions 18References . 18CHAPTER 2 INFECTION CONTROL . 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Role of H VA
21、C Systems in Infection Control 202.3 How the Human Body is Affected by Airborne Contaminants . 212.4 Risk Management Approach to Infection Control 252.5 Surgical Site Infections . 262.6 Protecting Populations . 272.7 Air Change Rate/Dilution . 272.8 Natural Ventilation 282.9 Filtration 292.10 Humidi
22、ty 302.11 Ultraviolet Radiation . 312.12 Air Movement and Pressurization . 322.13 Effect of Infection Control on H VAC Design . 33References . 34CHAPTER 3 AIR-HANDLING AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 353.1 Introduction 353.2 Concept Design . 353.3 Air-Handling Unit Component Design Considerations 423.4 Air
23、 Distribution System Alternatives 663.5 Ductwork 703.6 Terminal Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743.7 Room Air Distribution . 763.8 Dehumidication 83References . 89 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For
24、personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.vi HVAC DESIGN MANUAL FOR HOSPITALS AND CLINICSCHAPTER 4 UTILITIES 914.1 Introduction 914.2 General Considerations . 914.3 Central Cooli
25、ng Plants . 964.4 Central Heating Plants 1044.5 Other Utilities . 110References 111Bibliography . 111CHAPTER 5 LIFE SAFETY 1135.1 Health Care Occupancy Life Safety . 1135.2 Establishment of Criteria . 1135.3 Key Elements of Life Safety . 114References 122CHAPTER 6 CONTROLS AND INSTRUMENTATION 1236.1
26、 Introduction . 1236.2 Characteristics of Control Systems . 1236.3 Room Pressurization Controls 1266.4 Operating Room Controls 128References 131CHAPTER 7 EXISTING FACILITIES 1337.1 Overview . 1337.2 Facility Assessment (FA) . 1337.3 Design Considerations for Renovation Projects . 1437.4 Contractor Q
27、ualications 149References 149Bibliography . 150CHAPTER 8 ROOM DESIGN 1518.1 Introduction to Room Design . 1518.2 Room Pressurization . 1518.3 Operating Rooms 1548.4 Imaging Rooms . 1648.5 Laboratories 1738.6 Pharmacies . 1788.7 Morgue and Autopsy . 1848.8 Isolation Rooms . 1858.9 Central Sterile . 1
28、908.10 Renal Dialysis and Chemotherapy Infusion 1918.11 ICU . 1918.12 Postanesthesia Care Unit (Recovery) . 1928.13 Emergency Departments . 1938.14 Burn Units . 1948.15 Bone Marrow Transplant 1948.16 Psychiatric 1958.17 Procedure Rooms 1958.18 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care 1968.19 Data Centers 200Refer
29、ences 201 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.viiCONTENTSCHAPTER 9 BUSINESS OF HEALTH CARE .2039.1 Introduction 2039.2 Health Care Facilit
30、y Classications 2039.3 Demand, Drivers, and Trends for Health Care 2069.4 Evidence-Based Design . 208References 209CHAPTER 10 DISASTER PLANNING AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT 21110.1 Introduction . 21110.2 Disaster Planning 21410.3 Emergency Management . 21410.4 Disaster Preparedness 21510.5 Facility Need
31、s for Disaster Planning and Emergency Management 21710.6 Power 220References 225CHAPTER 11 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE .22711.1 Introduction . 22711.2 Regulatory Considerations . 22811.3 Risk Assessments 23111.4 Operations 23611.5 Maintenance 24211.6 Fire and Smoke Dampers 245References 246CHAPTER 12
32、 SUSTAINABILITY IN HEALTH CARE FACILITIES 24912.1 Introduction . 24912.2 Sustainability Trends and Economic Considerations . 25012.3 Energy Benchmarking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25212.4 Commissioning 25612.5 Ener
33、gy Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25712.6 Energy Efciency 25912.7 Financial Incentives for Energy Efciency . 26012.8 Indoor Environmental Quality 26112.9 Water Use Efciency . 27612.10 Site Sustainabili
34、ty 277References 278CHAPTER 13 SEISMIC RESTRAINTS IN HEALTH CARE HVAC DESIGN .28113.1 Introduction . 28113.2 Seismic Restraints for Nonstructural Components . 28213.3 Seismic Design and Risk Categories . 28213.4 Component Importance Factor 28313.5 Seismic Design Requirements 28513.6 Seismic Restrain
35、t Special Inspections and Tests . 288References 290ACRONYMS 291GLOSSARY .293INDEX .299 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. 2013 ASHRAE (w
36、ww.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ixFOREWORDThis second edition of HVAC Design Manual for Hospitals and Clinics adds updated information, provides in-
37、depth design recommendations based on best practices, and presents proven, cost-effective, and reliable solutions that result in low maintenance cost and high reliability. Our intent is that this edition of the manual focuses specically on heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system des
38、ign for health care facilities, omitting general system descriptions that are readily available in other ASHRAE publications. Instead, our focus has been to present “whats different” about health care HVAC.Although not a consensus document, this manual draws heavily on ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170-
39、2008, Ventilation of Health Care Facilities, which is a consensus document. Citations of the standard throughout this book should be understood to include its Addenda a to t and v.This edition is the result of a concerted effort by a ne group of volunteers whose job was made immensely easier by havi
40、ng the rst edition to build upon. By intent, the authoring committee was composed primarily of consulting engineers with long experience in the design and construction of health care facilities. Jeff Hardin and John Kramer worked hard on both editions. Hospital engineers John Kramer, Heather Platt,
41、and Ron Westbrook also wrote chapters and provided invaluable input to the entire book. Engineering editorial assistance was provided by John Murphy, and Walter Grondzik was technical editor. Kelley Short and Kelsey Grondzik assisted with tables and illustrations.The intended audience for this manua
42、l includes consulting engineers; experienced hospital designers who will use it as a reference; mechanical engineers who wish to become familiar with health care design; young engineers who seek a career specializing in health care HVAC design; facility managers; infection control personnel; manager
43、s of planning and design; maintenance staff; contractors; developers; and code, accreditation, and licensure ofcials.Finally, I want to thank Layle Thomas for her fantastic organizational and editorial expertise, which was invaluable in coordinating the efforts of over 32 volunteers. It has been my
44、honor to chair this committee.Dan Koenigshofer, PE, M Public Health, HFDP, SASHEDewberry EngineersJanuary 2013 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written pe
45、rmission. 2013 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.1CHAPTER 1OVERVIEW OF HEALTH CARE HVAC SYSTEMSHVAC systems in health care facilities provide
46、 a broad range of services in support of populations who are uniquely vulnerable to an elevated risk of health, re, and safety hazard. These heavily regulated, high-stakes facilities undergo continuous maintenance, verication, inspection, and recertication; typically operate 24 hours/day, 7 days/wee
47、k; and are owner-occupied for long life cycles. Health care HVAC systems must be installed, operated, and maintained in spatial and functional conjunction with a host of other essential building services, including emergency and normal power, plumbing and medical-gas systems, automatic transport, re
48、 protection, and myriad IT systems, all within a constrained building envelope. Health care facilities and services are characterized by high rates of modication because of the continuously evolving science and economics of health care, and consume large quantities of energy and potable water. The o
49、ften unique environmental conditions associated with these facilities, and the critical performance, reliability, and maintainability of the HVAC systems necessary to their success, demand a specialized set of engineering practices and design criteria established by model codes and standards and enforced by authorities having jurisdiction. Health care facilities va
