1、 Best Practices forDatacom FacilityEnergy EfficiencySecond EditionDatacomEnergyEff.book Page i Monday, March 30, 2009 11:46 AM 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or tran
2、smission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. This publication was prepared in cooperation with TC 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities,Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment.Any updates/errata to this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE We
3、b site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.For more information on the ASHRAE Datacom Series, visithttp:/www.ashrae.org/datacenterefficiency.DatacomEnergyEff.book Page ii Monday, March 30, 2009 11:46 AM 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashra
4、e.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.Best Practices forDatacom FacilityEnergy Effi
5、ciencySecond EditionDatacomEnergyEff.book Page iii Monday, March 30, 2009 11:46 AM 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is
6、not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. ISBN 978-1-933742-47-22008, 2009 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved. First edition 2008Second edition 2009Printed in the
7、United States of AmericaPrinted on 30% post-consumer waste using soy-based inks.Cover photo courtesy of http:/.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAEexpressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or
8、the like thatmay be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication doesnot constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure,design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the pu
9、blication is free of errors, andASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk ofthe use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a r
10、eviewerwho may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may anypart of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRA
11、E. Requests forpermission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions._Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataBest practices for datacom facility energy efficiency.2nd ed.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.Summary: “The intent of this publication is to provide the r
12、eader with detailed information on the designof datacom facilities that will aid in minimizing the life-cycle cost to the client and to maximize energy effi-ciency in a facility to align with ASHRAEs stated direction to lead the advancement of sustainable buildingdesign and operations”Provided by pu
13、blisher.ISBN 978-1-933742-47-2 (softcover)1. Data processing service centersDesign and construction. 2. Electronic data processing departments-Equipment and suppliesProtection. 3. BuildingsEnvironmental engineering. 4. Data processingservice centers-Energy conservation. 5. Data processing service ce
14、ntersCost of operation. I. AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.TH6057.I53B47 2009725.23dc222008051512ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSMark OwenEditor/Group ManagerCindy Sheffield MichaelsManaging EditorJames Madison WalkerAssociate EditorAmelia SandersAssistant Ed
15、itorElisabeth ParrishAssistant EditorMichshell PhillipsEditorial CoordinatorPUBLISHING SERVICESDavid SoltisGroup ManagerTracy BeckerGraphic Applications SpecialistJayne JacksonPublication Traffic AdministratorPUBLISHERW. Stephen ComstockDatacomEnergyEff.book Page iv Monday, March 30, 2009 11:46 AM 2
16、009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. ContentsPreface to the Secon
17、d Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixAcknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiChapter 1 Introduction and Best Practices Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Best Practices and Chapter Summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Chapter 2 Environmental Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、 . . . 172.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.2 OverviewEnvironmental Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.3 Environmental Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.4 Energy-Efficiency Recomme
20、ndations/ Best Practices . . . . . . 27Chapter 3 Mechanical Equipment and Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.2 Cooling Distribution Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.3 Me
21、chanical Cooling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.4 Heat Rejection Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.5 System and Equipment Design forEfficient Part-Load Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.6 Energy-Efficiency
22、 Recommendations/ Best Practices . . . . . . 50Chapter 4 Economizer Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.2 Economizer Code Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23、. . . . . 53DatacomEnergyEff.book Page v Monday, March 30, 2009 11:46 AM 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permit
24、ted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. vi Contents4.3 Air-Side Economizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544.4 Adiabatic-Cooled Air-Side Economizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .604.5 Water-Side Economizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . .644.6 Climatic Advantages of Various Economizers . . . . . . . . . . . . .674.7 Energy-Efficiency Recommendations/Best Practices . . . . . . .71Chapter 5 Airflow Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735.2 Airflow Management at the Data Center Level . . . . . . . . . . . .755.3 Air Handler/CRAH/CRAC Unit Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795.4 Coil Selection/Supply Air Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805.5 Airflow Management Adjacent t
27、o andWithin the Datacom Equipment Rack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .815.6 Airflow Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .825.7 Energy-Efficiency Recommendations/Best Practices . . . . . . .84Chapter 6 HVAC Controls and Energy Management. . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . .856.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .856.2 Control System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .866.3 Energy-Efficiency Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .886.4 Energy-Efficiency Rec
29、ommendations/Best Practices . . . . . . .95Chapter 7 Electrical Distribution Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .977.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .977.2 Distribution Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . .987.3 Energy-Efficiency Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997.4 Improving Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1057.5 Energy-Efficiency Recommendations/Best Practices . . . . . .107Chapter 8 Datacom Equipment Efficiency . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . .1098.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1098.2 Powering Datacom Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1118.3 Datacom Conditioning Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1148.4 Other Factors Aff
32、ecting Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1228.5 Estimating Energy Efficiency of Datacom Equipment . . . . . .1268.6 Energy-Efficiency Recommendations/Best Practices . . . . . .129DatacomEnergyEff.book Page vi Monday, March 30, 2009 11:46 AM 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerati
33、ng and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. Design Considerations for Datacom Equipment Centers viiChapter 9 Liquid C
34、ooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319.2 Comparison of Key Liquid Coolant Properties . . . . . . . . . . . 1339.3 Energy Optimization with Selected Liquid Coolants .
35、. . . . . . 1369.4 Liquid Cooled Enclosures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1439.5 TCO Aspects of Liquid Cooling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469.6 A Sample Comparison: Pumping Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1489.7 Energy-Efficiency Recommendations/ Best P
36、ractices . . . . . 150Chapter 10 Total Cost of Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15310.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15310.2 TCO Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15410.3 TCO An
37、alysis as Applied to Energy Costs andEnergy-Efficiency Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16010.4 TCO Analysis as Applied to Non-Energy Costs . . . . . . . . . 16110.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162Chapter 11 Emerging
38、Technologies and Future Research . . . . . . 16311.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16311.2 DC Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16311.3 Fuel Cells, Distributed Generation, and CHP . . . . . . . .
39、. . . 16411.4 Future Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16511.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166References and Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Appendix A Glossar
40、y of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Appendix B Commissioning, Maintenance, and Operations . . . . 193Appendix C Telecom Facility Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Appendix D Applicable Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Appendi
41、x E Sample Control Sequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Appendix F SI Units for Figures and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Appendix G 2008 ASHRAE Environmental Guidelines forDatacom EquipmentExpanding theRecommended Environmental Envelope . . . . . . . . . . 225Index.
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237DatacomEnergyEff.book Page vii Monday, March 30, 2009 11:46 AM 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additi
43、onal reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. DatacomEnergyEff.book Page viii Monday, March 30, 2009 11:46 AM 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashra
44、e.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission. ixPreface to the Second EditionSince its initial publication, Best Practices for Datacom Facility Energy Effi-ciency has be
45、en carefully reviewed for necessary updates. Just as Standard 90.1 isunder continuous maintenance, the publications of Technical Committee (TC) 9.9continue to be modified to include the most current industry thinking and consensus.The primary changes in this second edition center on the updated envi
46、ronmentalenvelope and relate to the recommended temperatures at the inlets of the equipmentoperating in datacom facilities. These changes were approved by TC 9.9 during the2008 ASHRAE Annual Conference in Salt Lake City and are the basis for the secondedition of the Thermal Guidelines for Data Proce
47、ssing Environments. In addition,the 17 original equipment manufacturers on the committee have agreed to therevised temperature rate-of-change specification, and those changes are alsoreflected here. An Appendix G has been added to this second edition of Best Practices forDatacom Facility Energy Efficiency that reflects the changes to Thermal Guidelines.Tables 2.1 and C.1 and Figures 2.
