1、 Design Considerations for Datacom Equipment CentersSecond Edition 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted wi
2、thout ASHRAEs prior written permission.This publication was prepared in cooperation with TC 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities,Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment.Any updates/errata to this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.For more informat
3、ion on the ASHRAE Datacom Series, visithttp:/www.ashrae.org/datacenterefficiency. 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is n
4、ot permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.Design Considerations for Datacom Equipment CentersSecond Edition 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org)
5、. For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ISBN 978-1-933742-48-92005, 2009 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie
6、Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved. First edition 2005Second edition 2009Printed in the United States of America using soy-based inks.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAEexpressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any
7、product, service, process, procedure, design, or the likethat may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publi-cation does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service,process, procedure, design, or the like. ASH
8、RAE does not warrant that the information in the publica-tion is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in thispublication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this book may be reproduced wit
9、hout permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by areviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit;nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way orby any meanselectronic, photocopying, recordi
10、ng, or otherwithout permission in writing fromASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataDesign considerations for datacom equipment centers / American Society of Heating, Refrigerating andAir-Conditioning Engin
11、eers, Inc. - 2nd ed.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-933742-48-9 (softcover)1. Office buildings-Design and construction. 2. Electronic data processing departments-Equipmentand supplies-Protection. 3. Data processing service centers-Design and construction. 4. Telecommu-
12、nication-Equipment and supplies-Protection. 5. Electronic data processing-Equipment and supplies-Protection. I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.TH4311.D46 2009697.9316-dc222008050778ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSMark OwenEditor/Group ManagerCindy Sheffield
13、 MichaelsManaging EditorJames Madison WalkerAssociate EditorAmelia SandersAssistant EditorElisabeth ParrishAssistant EditorMichshell PhillipsEditorial CoordinatorPUBLISHING SERVICESDavid SoltisGroup ManagerTracy BeckerGraphic Applications SpecialistJayne JacksonPublication Traffic AdministratorPUBLI
14、SHERW. Stephen Comstock 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Cont
15、entsPreface to the Second Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixAcknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiChapter 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
16、Part I: Datacom Facility BasicsChapter 2 Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2 Environmental Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . 82.3 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.4 Temperature Rate of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.5 Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.6 Filtration a
18、nd Contamination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.7 Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.8 Envelope Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.9 Human Comfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.10 Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.11 Additional Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Chapter 3 HVAC Load Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . 173.1 Datacom Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.2 Equipment Loads, Including High-Density Loads . . . . . . . . . . 183.3 Electrical Distribution Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.4 Other Loads . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHR
22、AEs prior written permission.vi ContentsChapter 4 Computer Room Cooling Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234.1 Computer Room Air-Conditioning (CRAC) Units . . . . . . . . . . .234.2 Central Station Air-Handling Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264.3 Liquid Cooling . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274.4 Chilled-Water Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284.5 Condenser Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294.6 Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304.7 Chillers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304.8 Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314.9 Piping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、. . . . . . . . . . . . .314.10 Humidifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324.11 Controls and Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Chapter 5 Air Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、 . . . .355.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355.2 Airflow Through Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355.3 Airflow Through Equipment Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375.4 CFD Modeling . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385.5 Room Cooling Classes (Protocols) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39Chapter 6 Liquid Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476.1 Liquid Cooling Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . .486.2 Datacom Facility Chilled-Water Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486.3 Liquid-Cooled Computer Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496.4 Cooling Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566.5 Reliability . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Part II: Other ConsiderationsChapter 7 Ancillary Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617.1 Electrical Power Distribution Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617.2 Battery Plants . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637.3 Engine/Generator Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .667.4 Burn-In Rooms and Test Labs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677.5 Datacom Equipment Spare Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . .677.6 Storage Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either
32、print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Design Considerations for Datacom Equipment Centers viiChapter 8 Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . 698.2 Contamination Classifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708.3 Industry-Defined Limits and Test Methods for Contaminationin IT Equipment Rooms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748.4 Facilities DesignGeneral Considerations f
34、or Data Processing Environment Installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Chapter 9 Acoustical Noise Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879.1 Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879.2 ASHRAE Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889.3 Three Aspects of the Noise Problem: The Source, Path, and Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899.4 The Effe
36、cts of Noise on People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909.5 The Sound Power Level of a Noise Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919.6 Limits on the Sound Power Levels of Datacom Equipment . . 929.7 The Sound Pressure Level in a Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939.8 Limits on
37、the Sound Pressure Levels in Datacom Facilities . . 95Chapter 10 Structural and Seismic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9710.1 Building Floor Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9710.2 Access Floor Panels and Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . 10010.3 Datacom Equipment Installation in an Earthquake Area . . . 102Chapter 11 Fire Detection and Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10711.1 Fire Alarm Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10711.2 Fire Suppression Systems . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11411.3 Fire Barrier (Firestop) Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12011.4 Mechanical Ventilation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Chapter 12 Commissioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12312.1
40、Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12312.2 Preliminary Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12412.3 Commissioning Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12512.4 Commissioning Mission Critical
41、Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12712.5 Commissioning Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12812.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Eng
42、ineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.viii ContentsChapter 13 Availability and Redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13113.1
43、Availability Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13113.2 Redundancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13313.3 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13413.4 Human Error and
44、Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13513.5 Practical Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135Chapter 14 Energy Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13714.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13714.2 Environmental Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13814.3 Chilled-Water Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13914.4 CRAC Units: Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、 . . .14114.5 Fans, Pumps, and Variable-Speed Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14214.6 Humidity Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14414.7 Water-Side Economizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14514.8 Air-Side Economizers . . . . . .
47、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14914.9 Outdoor Air Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15114.10 Part-Load OperationGeneration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15214.11 In-Room Airflow Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48、. . .15214.12 CRAC UnitsDistribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15314.13 Part-Load OperationDistribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15414.14 Datacom Equipment Energy Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15414.15 UPS Energy Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . .
49、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15514.16 Emerging Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15614.17 Controls and Energy Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15614.18 System Energy Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157Appendix A:2008 ASHRAE Environmental Guidelines for Datacom EquipmentExpanding the Recommended Environme
