1、 Handbook of SmokeControl Engineering 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ABOUT THE AUTHORSJohn H. KloteDr. John Klote is known throughout
2、 the world as an expert in smoke control due to his many books onthe topic and his 19 years of fire research conducted at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Tech-nology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland. For 11 years, he operated his own consulting company spe-cializing in analysis of smoke
3、 control systems. Klote developed a series of smoke control seminars that heteaches for the Society of Fire Protection Engineers. The primary author of the 2007 ICC book A Guide toSmoke Control in the 2006 IBC and the 2002ASHRAE book Principles of Smoke Management, Dr. Kloteis also the primary autho
4、r of two other ASHRAE books about smoke control, and he has written chaptersabout smoke control in a number of books, as well as over 80 papers and articles on smoke control, smokemovement, CFD fire simulations, and other aspects of fire protection. He is a licensed professional engi-neer in Washing
5、ton, DC. Klote earned his doctorate in mechanical engineering from George WashingtonUniversity. Klote is a member of NFPA, a fellow of SFPE and a fellow of ASHRAE. He is a member andpast chair of ASHRAE Technical Committee 5.6, Fire and Smoke Control, and a member of the NFPASmoke Management Committ
6、ee.James A. MilkeProfessor Milke is the chairman of the Department of Fire Protection Engineering at the University ofMaryland. He earned his doctorate in aerospace engineering from the University of Maryland. Milke is anauthor of theASHRAE book Principles of Smoke Management, and of the chapters “S
7、moke Movement inBuildings” and “Fundamentals of Fire Detection” in the 2008 NFPA Fire Protection Handbook.Heisalso an author of the chapters “Analytical Methods for Determining Fire Resistance of Steel Members,”“Smoke Management in Covered Malls andAtria,” and “Conduction of Heat in Solids” in the 2
8、008 SFPEHandbook. Milke is a licensed professional engineer in Delaware, a member of NFPA and AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers (ASCE), a fellow of SFPE, and a past chairman of the NFPA Smoke Manage-ment Committee.Paul G. TurnbullPaul Turnbull has been actively involved in the development of codes
9、and standards for smoke controlsystems for over 24 years. He began his career as a hardware developer, designing RFI power line filters,and later moved into development of control products and accessories for building control systems. Hethen spent 10 years responsible for safety certifications of bu
10、ilding controls, HVAC, fire alarm, andsmoke control equipment. For the past 15 years, he has specialized in the development and application ofgateways that enable fire alarm, security, and lighting control systems to be integrated with building con-trols in order to provide coordinated operations be
11、tween these systems. He is an active member in severalprofessional associations focused on control of fire and smoke. Turnbull has a baccalaureate degree inelectrical engineering and a masters degree in computer science. He is a member of ASHRAE TechnicalCommittee 5.6, Fire and Smoke Control, and th
12、e NFPA Smoke Management Committee. He is aninstructor for the SFPE smoke control seminars.Ahmed KashefDr. Kashef is a group leader of Fire Resistance and Risk Management in the Fire Research Programat the Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada. He holds a PhD inc
13、ivil engineering and has more than 20 years research and practical experience. Dr. Kashefs expertiseinvolves applying numerical and experimental techniques in a wide range of engineering applicationsincluding fire risk analysis, fire dynamics, tenability, heat transfer, and smoke transport in the bu
14、ilt envi-ronment and transportation systems. He has authored and co-authored more than 180 publications. He hasmanaged a broad range of projects involving modeling and full-scale fire experiments to address firerelated issues. This includes projects that investigated the ventilation strategies and d
15、etection systems inroad and subway tunnels. He is the technical secretary of the ASHRAE Technical Committee 5.6, Fire 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior wri
16、tten permission.and Smoke Control, and the chair of the research subprogram of ASHRAE Technical Committee 5.9,Enclosed Vehicular Facilities. Dr. Kashef is a registered professional engineer in the province of Ontario,and a member of the NFPA Technical Committee 502 on Road Tunnel and Highway Fire Pr
17、otection. He isan associate member of the World Road Association (PIARC), Working Group 4, Ventilation and FireControl and a corresponding member of the Technical Committee 4 Road Tunnel Operations.Michael J. FerreiraMichael Ferreira is a senior fire protection engineer and project manager at Hughes
18、 Associates, a firescience and engineering consulting company. He has been primarily involved with smoke managementsystem design projects for the past 17 years and has published several articles on the innovative use ofcomputer models for these systems. Ferreira has extensive experience in performin
19、g smoke control com-missioning testing and calibrating computer models using field data. He was the lead investigator responsi-ble for evaluating smoke control system performance in NISTs investigation of the World Trade Centerdisaster. He has also conducted a performance-based analysis of the smoke
20、 control system at the Statue ofLiberty. Ferreira is a professional engineer and holds a BS in Mechanical Engineering and an MS in FireProtection Engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He is a member of the NFPA Smoke Man-agement Systems Committee, and is an instructor for the NFPA and SF
21、PE smoke control seminars. 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ASHRAEASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a building technology society with more t
22、han50,000 members worldwide. The Society and its members focus on building systems,energy efficiency, indoor air quality and sustainability within the industry. Throughresearch, standards writing, publishing, and continuing education, ASHRAE shapestomorrows built environment today.1791 Tullie Circle
23、, NEAtlanta, GA 303291-800-527-4723www.ashrae.orgInternational Code CouncilInternational Code Council is a member-focused association dedicated to helping thebuilding safety community and construction industry provide safe, sustainable, andaffordable construction through the development of codes and
24、 standards used in thedesign, build, and compliance process. Most U.S. communities and many global marketschoose the International Codes. ICC Evaluation Service (ICC-ES), a subsidiary of theInternational Code Council, has been the industry leader in performing technical evalua-tions for code complia
25、nce fostering safe and sustainable design and construction.Headquarters: 500 New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001-2070District Offices: Birmingham, AL; Chicago. IL; Los Angeles, CA1-888-422-7233www.iccsafe.orgSociety of Fire Protection EngineersOrganized in 1950, the Society of Fir
26、e Protection Engineers (SFPE) is the profes-sional organization that represents engineers engaged in fire protection worldwide.Through its membership of over 5000 professionals and 65 international chapters,SFPE advances the science and practice of fire protection engineering while maintain-ing a hi
27、gh ethical standard. SFPE and its members serve to make the world a saferplace by reducing the burden of unwanted fire through the application of science andtechnology. To become a member, go to www.sfpe.org.7315 Wisconsin Ave., #620EBethesda, MD 208141-301-718-2910www.sfpe.orgNational Fire Protecti
28、on AssociationThe National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is an international nonprofitorganization that was established in 1896. The companys mission is to reduce theworldwide burden of fire and other hazards on the quality of life by providing andadvocating consensus codes and standards, resea
29、rch, training, and education.1 Batterymarch ParkQuincy, MA 02169-74711-617-770-3000www.nfpa.org 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Handbo
30、ok ofSmoke ControlEngineeringJohn H. KloteJames A. MilkePaul G. TurnbullAhmed KashefMichael J. Ferreira 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permissio
31、n.ISBN 978-1-936504-24-42012 John H. Klote. Published by ASHRAE. All rights reserved.Published in cooperation with International Code Council, Inc.,National Fire Protection Association, and Society of Fire Protection Engineers.ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle, N.E.Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgPrinted in t
32、he United States of AmericaPrinted on 30% post-consumer waste using soy-based inks.Illustrations by John H. Klote, unless otherwise credited.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, butASHRAE and its publishing partners have not investigated, andASHRAE and its publishingpartners expressly dis
33、claim any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. Theappearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE andits publishing partners of any
34、product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like.ASHRAE and its publishing partners do not warrant that theinformation in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE and its publishing partners do not necessarily agree with any statement or opinionin this publication. The entire risk of t
35、he use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing fromASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or repro-duce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be re
36、produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted inany way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing fromASHRAE. Requests for permissionshould be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHandbook o
37、f smoke control engineering / John H. Klote, editor and chief ; James A. Milke, Paul G. Turnbull.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-936504-24-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Buildings-Smoke control systems-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Smoke prevention-Hand-books, manuals, et
38、c. 3. Ventilation-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Fire testing-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Klote, John H. II. Milke, J. A. (JamesA.) III. Turnbull, Paul G., 1961- IV. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.TH1088.5.H36 2012693.8-dc232012009054ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLIC
39、ATIONSMark S. OwenEditor/Group Managerof Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield MichaelsManaging EditorJames Madison WalkerAssociate EditorElisabeth WarrickAssistant EditorMeaghan ONeilEditorial AssistantMichshell PhillipsEditorial CoordinatorPUBLISHING SERVICESDavid SoltisGroup Manager of
40、 Publishing Servicesand Electronic CommunicationsJayne JacksonPublication Traffic AdministratorPUBLISHERW. Stephen ComstockAny updates/errata to this publication will be posted on theASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates. 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional
41、reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.viiDEDICATIONThis book is dedicated to the memory of Harold (Bud) Nelson. Because of his many significant contributions when heworked at the General Services Administ
42、ration (GSA) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), Bud Nelson was recognized as one of the great pioneers of fire protection engineering. Bud Nelson also wasthe first chairman of the NFPA Smoke Management Committee. 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additio
43、nal reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.viiiHOW TO USE THIS BOOKThis book is organized in the classic handbook format to help engineers and other professionals who need toget information about a topic q
44、uickly. The Table of Contents and the Index can be used so readers can go directlyto their topic of interest. The handbook format has no introductory chapter, and the most fundamental material is inthe first chapters and applied material is in later chapters. To help readers get information quickly,
45、 the chapters donot include derivations of equations. Unlike textbooks, some redundancy is needed in handbooks so that the chap-ters can be relatively independent. This redundancy is minimized, and in some places readers are referred toanother section or chapter for more information. This book inclu
46、des all the information in my earlier smoke con-trol books plus a number of other topics, and there are many example calculations. This handbook can be used as atextbook with the teacher selecting the chapters and parts of chapters to be taught. The only departure from thehandbook format is that der
47、ivations of equations are in an appendix included to make the book more useful toscholars, teachers, and students.John H. Klote 2012 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs
48、 prior written permission.ixTABLE OF CONTENTSDedication viiHow to Use This Book viiiPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxiiNote on Sustainability xxiiiCHAPTER 1UNITS AND PROPERTIES 1Dual Units 1The SI System 1Chapters in SI Only 2Temperature Conversion 3Temperature Difference 3Soft and Hard Conversions 3Uni
49、t Conversions for Equations 3Physical Data 8U.S. Standard Atmosphere 8Nomenclature 12References 12CHAPTER 2CLIMATIC DESIGN DATA 13Climatic Data 13Standard Barometric Pressure 14Winter Design Temperature 14Summer Design Temperature 14Design Wind 14References 105CHAPTER 3FLOW OF AIR AND SMOKE 107Flow Equations 107Orifice Flow Equation 107Density of Gases 108Exponential Flow 108Gap Method 109Bidirectional Flow 112Pressure Difference 112Continuous Opening 113Two Openings 113Pressure Lo
