1、ISBN 978-1-936504-97-8Product code: 90132 6/151791 Tullie Circle Atlanta, GA 30329-2305 Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide)www.ashrae.org9 781936 504978RP-1673ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, Supertall, and Megatall Building SystemsPeter SimmondsThe Guide to Meeting the Challenges of Tall BuildingsTall
2、 buildings present unique and formidable challenges to architects and engineers because of their size, location in major urban areas, and the multiple, complex occupancies they often contain. ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, Supertall, and Megatall Building Systems is a unique reference for owners; arc
3、hitects; and mechanical, structural, and electrical engineers as well as other specialized consultants involved in designing systems for these buildings.Expanded since ASHRAEs previous guide on the topic in 2004, this new design guide covers not only tall buildings (taller than 300 ft 91m) but now a
4、lso addresses supertall (taller than 984 ft 300 m) and megatall (taller than 1968 ft 600 m) buildings, with a broadened scope and updated content that reflects current standards and industry practices.This guide not only focuses on the efforts of designers of the HVAC systems but also addresses the
5、importance of the design team and their collective efforts and concerns that are the critical elements in determining the ultimate solutions to the project needs of a tall building. This guide addresses design issues for tall commercial buildings, which are very often mixed use, with low-level retai
6、l, office floors, residential floors, and hotel floors.Major sections cover the following subjects: Architectural design Faade systems Climate data Indoor air quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort HVAC systems Electrical system interfaces Intelligent buildings and controls Water distribution Plumbing sy
7、stems Energy modeling and authentication Vertical transportation Life safety Needs of residential occupanciesAlso included are appendices with examples of stack effect and wind pressure for four representative climates, energy analysis examples, and HVAC design criteria and a systems description for
8、 a multiple-tenant office building.ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, Supertall, and Megatall Building Systems is accompanied by online content, which can be found at www.ashrae.org/tallbuildings.ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, Supertall, and Megatall Building SystemsSimmondsTall, Supertall, Megatall Build
9、ings Hard cover.indd 1 6/4/2015 11:18:38 AMASHRAE Design Guide forTall, Supertall, and MegatallBuilding SystemsABOUT THE AUTHORPeter Simmonds is managing director/principal of Building and Systems Analytics, LLC based inMarina Del Rey, CA and Hong Kong. He has one Bachelor of Science degree in Mecha
10、nical Engineeringand another in Research and Development from Reading Technical College; a Masters degree from HTS,Den Bosch, the Netherlands; and a PhD from T.U. Delft. He has been a member of ASHRAE since 1989and has twice chaired Technical Committee (TC) 9.12, Tall Buildings. He has been involved
11、 in the designand operation of tall, supertall, and megatall buildings around the world for more than 30 years. He is alsoa recognized authority in the field of radiant heating and cooling systems. The main goals of his researchand applications have been to understand the heat transfer and performan
12、ce of radiant systems for bothheating and cooling. His studies related to thermal performance of these systems led to a unique way toenhance these systems. Publications of his work led to the development of radiant systems in the UnitedStates and are included in the ASHRAE Handbook. He received the
13、Carter Bronze Medal from the Char-tered Institution of Building Services Engineers in 1993.He has authored or coauthored more than 60 technical papers, articles, and books and is a member ofseveral ASHRAE Technical Committees. Peter also teaches graduate and postgraduate architectural stu-dents at t
14、he University of Southern California, Los Angeles.This publication was supported by ASHRAE Research Project RP-1673 under the auspices of ASHRAETechnical Committee (TC) 9.12, Tall Buildings. TC 9.12 is concerned with the function, operation, energy,and human safety for buildings in excess of 300 fee
15、t in height. Also included is the determination ofrequirements related to hydraulics, airflow, infiltration, thermal insulation, water vapor retarders, envi-ronmental control, fire and smoke control, and maintenance.ASHRAEASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a global society advancing human well-beingthrough
16、 sustainable technology for the built environment. The Society and itsmembers focus on building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refriger-ation, and sustainability within the industry. Through research, standards writing,publishing and continuing education, ASHRAE shapes tomorrows bui
17、lt environ-ment today. ASHRAE was formed as the American Society of Heating, Refriger-ating and Air-Conditioning Engineers by the merger in 1959 of American Societyof Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHAE) founded in 1894 and TheAmerican Society of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE) founded in 1
18、904.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 303291-800-527-4723www.ashrae.orgCTBUHThe Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat is the worlds leadingresource for professionals focused on the inception, design, construction, andoperation of tall buildings and future cities. A not-for-profit organization,
19、 foundedin 1969 and based at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, CTBUH has anAsia office at Tongji University, Shanghai, and a research office at Iuav Univer-sity, Venice, Italy. CTBUH facilitates the exchange of the latest knowledge avail-able on tall buildings around the world through p
20、ublications, research, events,working groups, web resources, and its extensive network of international repre-sentatives. The Councils research department is spearheading the investigation ofthe next generation of tall buildings by aiding original research on sustainabilityand key development issues
21、. The free database on tall buildings, The SkyscraperCenter, is updated daily with detailed information, images, data, and news. TheCTBUH also developed the international standards for measuring tall buildingheight and is recognized as the arbiter for bestowing such designations as “TheWorlds Talles
22、t Building.”S.R. Crown HallIllinois Institute of Technology3360 South State StreetChicago IL, ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, Supertall, and Megatall Building SystemsPeter SimmondsAtlantaRP-1673ISBN 978-1-936504-97-82015 ASHRAE. All rights reserved.Published in cooperation with the Council on Tall Bui
23、ldings and Urban HabitatASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle, N.E.Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgPrinted in the United States of AmericaASHRAE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, owned by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ASHRAE has
24、 compiled this publication with care, butASHRAE and its publishing partners have not investigated, andASHRAE and its publishingpartners expressly disclaim any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. Theappearance of any technic
25、al data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE andits publishing partners of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like.ASHRAE and its publishing partners do not warrant that theinformation in the publication is f
26、ree of errors, and ASHRAE and its publishing partners do not necessarily agree with any statement or opinionin this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing fromASHRAE, e
27、xcept by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or repro-duce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted inany way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writ
28、ing fromASHRAE. Requests for permissionshould be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataSimmonds, Peter, 1954-ASHRAE design guide for tall, supertall, and megatall building systems / Peter Simmonds.pages cmIncludes bibliographical references and ind
29、ex.Summary: “The ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, Supertall, and Megatall Building Systems is concerned with HVAC, design,maintenance, and other factors for buildings 300 feet (91 m) or higher. The guide details the problems and possible solutions fortall, supertall, and megatall buildings“- Provided b
30、y publisher.ISBN 978-1-936504-97-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Tall buildings-Design and construction-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2.Megastructures-Design and construction-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Building, Iron and steel-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I.ASHRAE (Firm) II. Title. III. Title: Design guide fo
31、r tall, supertall, and megatall building systems.TH1611.S53 2015720.483-dc232015016066ASHRAE Staff Special Publications Mark S. Owen, Editor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield Michaels, Managing EditorJames Madison Walker, Associate EditorSarah Boyle, Assistant EditorL
32、auren Ramsdell, Editorial Assistant Michshell Phillips, Editorial CoordinatorPublishing Services David Soltis, Group Manager of Publishing Services and Electronic CommunicationsJayne Jackson, Publication Traffic AdministratorTracy Becker, Graphics SpecialistPublisher W. Stephen ComstockAny updates/e
33、rrata to this publication will be posted on theASHRAEwebsite at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.TABLE OF CONTENTSForeword xvPreface.xviiAcknowledgements.xixCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Introduction.1General Overv
34、iew 5Energy Strategies.7CHAPTER 2ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Real Estate Considerations .9Architectural Considerations.11Core Design11Service Cores.12Floor-to-Floor Height 17The Owners Involvement.18The Architects Involvement.19
35、Structural Coordination.19Alternative Ductwork Designs .23Lighting Systems24Conclusions Concerning Floor-To-Floor Height .25CHAPTER 3FAADE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Building Orientation .27Faade Systems .28Shading .31Glazing and
36、 Faades Analysis31Infiltration .34x ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, Supertall, and Megatall Building SystemsCHAPTER 4CLIMATE DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Climate and the Atmosphere .37Extrapolating Ground Data Upwards 37Generating C
37、limate Data at Upper Elevations37Climate Modeling Using Mesoscale Numerical Techniques 38Climatic Data (See Appendix A)39Theoretical Discussion of Stack Effect .39Practical Considerations of Stack Effect 44Calculation of Stack Effect 45Means to Minimize Stack Effect 47Further Mitigation Options 49CH
38、APTER 5INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND THERMAL COMFORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Provide Appropriate Air and Quantities for Each Room or Zone.51Effectively Distribute Ventilation Air to the Breathing Zone 53Effectively Distribute Ventilation Air to Multiple Spaces 53Use Dedicated Outdoor Air
39、Systems where Appropriate .54Use Demand-Controlled Ventilation where Appropriate .54Use Natural or Mixed-Mode Ventilation where Appropriate 56Why Natural Ventilation? .58Ventilation per ASHRAE Standard 62-2013.59Provide Comfort Conditions that Enhance Occupant Satisfaction 61Adaptive Comfort .62CHAP
40、TER 6HVAC SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Introduction 69Considerations in System Selection69All-Air Variable-Air-Volume System70Low-Temperature Air VAV Systems 72Underfloor Air Systems.73Air/Water Systems.76Radiant Ceilings.76Pas
41、sive Beams 77Active Beams.77Variable-Frequency Drive (VFD) Fan-Coil Units.80Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Fan-Coils with 100% Outdoor Air Ventilation .80Air-Conditioning Supply SystemsConclusions.81CHAPTER 7CENTRAL MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT ROOM AND FLOOR-BY-FLOOR FAN ROOMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83The Alternative Systems 83Comparison of Alternative Schemes .89Construction Schedule Impact91Owner Issues .92Equipment Considerations.93Architectural Issues 94Table of Contents xiIntake and Exhaust Distances 96Acoustics97CHAPTER 8CENTRAL HEATING
43、 AND COOLING PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Plant Economic Considerations104Central Plant Locations105Centralized Services Systems .107Chiller Systems 108CHAPTER 9WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111Hydrostatic Consi
44、derations .111Chilled-Water Piping Arrangements113Impact of Refrigeration Machine Location.116Chilled-Water Pressure Reduction .117Piping, Valves, and Fittings 118Piping Design Considerations.119Expansion and Contraction .119The Economics of Temperature Differentials.119CHAPTER 10ENERGY MODELING AND
45、 AUTHENTICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Tall-Building Energy Consumption 121New York City Benchmarking Data123General Considerations 128Cooling Plant128Supply Fan Energy .128Economizer Control 129Supply Air Reset Control 129Need for Accurate Profile 129CHAPTER 11VERTICAL TRANSPO
46、RTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131The Basis of the System Configuration131Alternative Elevator Configurations 133Configurations for Supertall and Megatall Buildings .133Sky Lobby Concept.133Double-Deck Elevators 134Service Elevator .137High-Rise Residenti
47、al Elevators .138HVAC Involvement with Vertical Transportation Systems 140Elevator Machine Room Cooling 140Elevator Hoistway and Machine Room Venting.141CHAPTER 12PLUMBING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Plumbing Systems143Grey Water Systems
48、 145Black Water.146Condensate Recovery .147Domestic Water Systems.148xii ASHRAE Design Guide for Tall, Supertall, and Megatall Building SystemsCold-Water Distribution .150Hot-Water Distribution 150Drainage and Venting .150CHAPTER 13LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Unique Fire Safety Problem Tall Buildings 151Codes and Standards 151Components of Fire Management System152Detection System.152Fire Standpipe and Sprinkler Systems.154Smoke Management Systems .155Smoke Management With Central Air-Conditioning Systems 156Smoke Management With Floor-By-Floor Air-Conditioning Systems156Smoke Management In Atriums .157Stairwell Pressurization 158Elevator Pressurization 160Refuge Floor 161The Emergency/Standby Generator System and
