1、GEOTECHNICAL PRACTICE PUBLICATION NO. 4 GEO-VOLUTION The Evolution of Colorados Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Practice PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2006 BIENNIAL GEOTECHNICAL SEMINAR November 10,2006 Denver, Colorado SPONSORED BY The Geotechnical Group of the Colorado Section of the American Society
2、 of Civil Engineers Rocky Mountain Section of the Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists Colorado Association of Geotechnical Engineers EDITED BY Richard L. Wiltshire, P.E. Minal L. Parekh, P.E. Christoph M. Goss, Ph.D., P.E. Published by the American Society of Civil EngineersLibra
3、ry of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Denver Geotechnical Symposium (2006 : Denver, Colo.) Geo-volution : the evolution of Colorados geological and geotechnical engineering practice : proceedings of the 2006 Biennial Geotechnical Seminar November 10, 2006, Denver, Colorado / sponsored by The
4、 Geotechnical Group of the Colorado Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Rocky Mountain Section of the Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists, Colorado Association of Geotechnical Engineers ; edited by Richard L. Wiltshire, Minal L. Parekh, Christoph M. Goss. p.cm. (G
5、eotechnical practice publication ; no. 4) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-7844-0890-2 ISBN-10: 0-7844-0890-4 1. Engineering geologyColoradoCongresses. 2. Hydraulic engineeringColoradoCongresses. I. Wiltshire, Richard L. II. Parekh, Minal L. III. Goss, Christoph M. IV.
6、 American Society of Civil Engineers. Colorado Section. Geotechnical Group. V. Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists. Rocky Mountain Section. VI. Colorado Association of Geotechnical Engineers. VII. Title. TA705.3.C6D48 2006 624.15109788-dc22 2006031996 American Society of Civil En
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13、ights Reserved. ISBN 13: 978-0-7844-0890-2 ISBN 10: 0-7844-0890-4 Manufactured in the United States of America. Cover Photo: Final Inspection by Moffat Tunnel Commission and Consulting Engineers, Jan. 31, 1928. Courtesy Colorado Historical Society (Clifford Betts Col. Boxed Collection Moffat Tunnel,
14、 91.142.31 10036817). All Rights Reserved.Preface A civil engineering historian would suggest that geotechnical and geological engineering in Colorado began about 1,250 years ago, during the development of the first of Mesa Verdes prehistoric reservoirs. The theme for the 2006 Biennial Geotechnical
15、Seminar is “GEO-volution: The Evolution of Colorados Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Practice.“ The theme was chosen to focus on Colorados storied past, the difficult engineering challenges overcome by its early population, the current state of local geotechnical and geological engineering p
16、ractice, and ideas that will carry our practice into the future. The seminar papers presented in this publication provide perspectives on Colorados unique geology, on geotechnical and geological engineering for the challenging ground conditions present in Colorado, on emerging trends in the local en
17、gineering practice, and on current solutions to Colorados diverse geo-problems. Since 1984, the Geotechnical Group of ASCEs Colorado Section has organized a biennial series of seminars, in collaboration with the Rocky Mountain Section of the Association of Environmental and Engineering Geologists an
18、d the Colorado Association of Geotechnical Engineers. The seminars have been attended by as many as 270 civil/geotechnical engineers, engineering geologists, geologists, and other geo-professionals in the Colorado region. The seminars have been held at area universities or hotels and offer the oppor
19、tunity for sharing ideas and experiences among Colorados diverse geo-disciplines. We look forward to participating in Geo- Denver 2007. The GEO-volution Steering Committee has been working to organize the 2006 Biennial Geotechnical Seminar and this accompanying publication since February 2005. The S
20、teering Committee members included Lois Boxill, Mark Brooks, Tom Chapel, Dr. Christoph Goss, Tom Holben, Leslie Jansen, Dr. Bill McCarron, Minal Parekh, Rebecca Roland, Mark Vessely, Chris Wienecke, and Richard Wiltshire. Richard L. Wiltshire, Minal L. Parekh, and Christoph M. Goss iiiAcknowledgment
21、s The GEO-volution Steering Committee wishes to thank all of the authors and reviewers of the papers presented herein as Geotechnical Practice Publication No. 4. The authors have spent many hours preparing and revising the papers which will be presented at the 2006 Biennial Colorado Geotechnical Sem
22、inar on November 10, 2006. These papers have been reviewed by geo-professionals in the Denver area who volunteered their time in order to improve the quality of this publication as a representation of our local practice. Their thoughtful and timely reviews are greatly appreciated. The GEO-volution S
23、teering Committee also thanks the Geo-Institutes Committee on Technical Publications for working within the constraints of our schedule. Thanks also to Donna Dickert of ASCEs Book Production Department for her assistance in the production of this publication. ivContents Colorado Geology Geology of C
24、olorado and Major Prehistoric Events 1 John L. Lufkin Colorado Earthquakes and Active Faults 18 Wayne A. Charlie, Raymond J. Battalora, Thomas J. Siller, Donald O. Doehring, and John W. van de Lindt Spectral Reflectance as a Rapid Technique for Field-Determination of Soil Engineering Properties 33 A
25、lexander F. H. Goetz, Harold W. Olsen, David C. Noe, James R. Koehler, Jessica P. Humble, Julia Fuschino, Eric L. Johnson, and Brody J. Johnson Colorado Challenging Ground Evolution of Foundation Design for Expansive Soils 62 John D. Nelson, Daniel D. Overton, and Kuo-Chieh Chao Performance of Squar
26、e Shaft Helical Pier Foundations in Swelling Soils 76 John S. Pack Characteristics and Susceptibility of Collapsible Soils in Colorado: Results of a Statewide Study 86 Jonathan L. White Building Above Natural Subsurface Cavities 99 William H. Koechlein and Robert James Irish Planetary Geotechnical T
27、echniques Geotechnical Techniques Used in Planetary Exploration 109 Howard A. Perko Colorados Emerging TrendsStability and Foundations Mine Stability Mapping 120 Collin L. Stewart and Ry E. Stone LRFD and Drilled Shaft Design in Colorado 132 Mark J. Vessely and Hsing-Cheng Liu Evolution of Mechanica
28、lly Stabilized Earth Wall Design to Incorporate Permanent Shoring 149 K. F. Morrison, F. E. Harrison, and S. A. Anderson Colorado Waters ResourcesReservoirs Gravel Pit ReservoirsColorados Water Storage Solution 158 Don W. Deere, Colby J. Hayden, and Glen G. Church vSubsidence Predictions of Porosity
29、 Storage Water Reservoirs 174 Paul G Ivancie and Stanley R. Peters Angled Pressure Relief Wells Improve Stability at Spinney Mountain Dam 195 Bill McCormick, Gary Linden, Ted Hartfelder, and Rich Tocher Indexes Subject Index 213 Author Index 215 viGeology of Colorado and Major Prehistoric Events Joh
30、n L. Lufkin1 1 Lecturer of Geology, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Colorado at Denver, Campus Box 172, P.O. Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364; email: I Abstract Colorado embraces five physiographic provinces, which include the Great Plains, Southern Rocky Mountains,
31、 Middle Rocky Mountains, the Wyoming Basin, and the Colorado Plateau. All three major rock types-igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic are widely spread throughout the state. Most of the major structural features, including mountain uplifts and intervening basins, developed during the Laramide Oroge
32、ny about 50 to 70 m.y. ago. Colorado is dominated by the Southern Rocky Mountains which include 14 mountain ranges. Most of these ranges are cored by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks with sections of Paleozoic rocks exposed along their flanks. Structural basins, filled largely with Tertiary
33、 clastic rocks, are downwarped features that include North, Middle, and South Park; Raton Basin; Wyoming Basin; Peceance Basin; and the San Juan Basin. During the following Tertiary period, about 40 to 25 m.y. ago, the crust was subjected to major east-west extension, forming the Rio Grande Rift Zon
34、e now occupied by the Arkansas River Valley and the San Luis Valley. Plateaus are found in the western part of the state, and include the Roan and White River Plateaus north of the Colorado River, and the Grand and Uncompahgre Plateaus south of the river. These features are underlain by Tertiary sed
35、imentary rocks, with volcanic rocks locally. The major historical events that have affected the geologic framework of Colorado include the Laramide Orogeny and the KT Boundary mass extinction. During the close of the Cretaceous Period, the Laramide Orogeny affected the western Cordillera from Alaska
36、 to Argentina. In Colorado the movement of mountain blocks was largely vertical, as in the Front Range and elsewhere. 1GEO-VOLUTION One of the greatest mass extinctions on Earth occurred at the Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) Boundary, 65 m.y. ago. This boundary is marked by the worldwide occurrence of a 1
37、-cm-thick layer of clay containing anomalous amounts of iridium. At least half the genera living at the time perished, and according to the Alvarez theory, the mass extinction resulted from the impact of a giant asteroid that struck the Yucatan Peninsula, leaving a crater 186 km (110 mi) in diameter
38、. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe the basic geologic framework for the state of Colorado. In doing so, I will start with the major physiographic provinces, discuss the origin of fundamental rock types, and then proceed to a discussion of the distribution of major rock types and
39、 structures. Physiography Colorado embraces five physiographic provinces (Figure 1). These include the Great Plains, Southern Rocky Mountains, Middle Rocky Mountains, the Wyoming Basin, and the Colorado Plateau. The Southern Rocky Mountains dominate the central part of the state, and include 14 moun
40、tain ranges. The Colorado Plateau underlies the southwestern corner of the state and is composed of flat-lying sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. The Great Plains includes the High Plains of the eastern border, the Colorado Piedmont, and the northern extension of the Raton Basin. The M
41、iddle Rocky Mountain Province occupies the northwest comer, and is featured by the Uinta Mountains. Distribution of Rock Types Most of the major structural features, including mountain uplifts and intervening basins, developed during the Laramide Orogeny about 50 to 70 m.y. ago. The eastern half of
42、Colorado, not discussed in this presentation, is dominated by the Denver Basin, a major source of petroleum. Before discussing the distribution of the major rock types, it may be helpful to briefly review how rocks form. You will recall that the Earths crust is composed of three major rock types: ig
43、neous, sedimentary, and metamorphic (Figure 2). Igneous rocks are those that solidify from molten material called magma. When magma cools and solidifies, it forms a wide variety of igneous rocks. Depending upon on the mineralogy and texture of the rock, geologists classify the rock as granite, gabbr
44、o, basalt, rhyolite, etc. A coarse-grained igneous rock with feldspar and quartz is called granite, and a coarse-grained igneous rock with calcic plagioclase feldspar and dark- colored accessory minerals is named gabbro. Basalt, the main volcanic rock forming the ocean basins, is the extrusive equiv
45、alent of gabbroblack and fine grained, because it cooled rapidly on the surface. 2GEO-VOLUTION Sedimentary rocks are those that form on the Earths surface from the weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks. They typically are deposited as sediments in shallow marine water. The sediments are later
46、buried and cemented to form solid rock. They are classified as clastic or chemical. Clastic rocks, such as sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate, are those that feature mineral grains that are cemented together. Chemical rocks are those that are precipitated from salt or fresh water, and include li
47、mestone, rock salt, and gypsum. Coal is also a sedimentary rock, but does not fit into the regular classification, as such, consisting of decomposed plant remains. Metamorphic rocks are those that have recrystallized from pre-existing rocks, under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure. Und
48、er deep burial, temperatures and pressures are elevated, and a sedimentary rock, like shale, is unstable. Therefore, the clay minerals in this shale undergo a change, or metamorphism, whereby, the clay is recrystallized in the solid state to form new minerals of the mica group. The resulting metamor
49、phic rock, called a mica schist, consists of new mineralogy and usually coarser grain size, with oriented mica grains. A fine-grained carbonate rock, like limestone, however, is recrystallized to form marble, consisting of coarse-grained calcite. Southern Rocky Mountains There are 14 mountain ranges in Colorado which make up the Southern Rocky Mountain Province. These include the Front Range, Park Range, Gore Range, Rabbit Ears Range, Ten Mile Range, Williams Fork Mountains, Mosquito Range, Sangre de Cristo Range, Wet Mountains, Spanish Peaks, S
