1、 TIASTANDARDFOTP-28 Measuring Dynamic Strength andFatigue Parameters of OpticalFibers by TensionTIA-455-28-C(Revision of EIA/TIA-455-28-B)March 1999TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATRepresenting the telecommunications industry inassociation with the Electronic Industries Alliance ANSI/TIA/EIA-455-
2、28-C-1999Approved: March 26, 1999Reaffirmed: May 10, 2005 NOTICE TIA Engineering Standards and Publications are designed to serve the public interest through eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers and purchasers, facilitating interchangeability and improvement of products, and assisting
3、 the purchaser in selecting and obtaining with minimum delay the proper product for their particular need. The existence of such Standards and Publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of TIA from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to such Standards and Pu
4、blications. Neither shall the existence of such Standards and Publications preclude their voluntary use by Non-TIA members, either domestically or internationally. Standards and Publications are adopted by TIA in accordance with the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) patent policy. By such
5、 action, TIA does not assume any liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the Standard or Publication. This Standard does not purport to address all safety problems associated with its use or all applicable regulatory requirements. It is the respo
6、nsibility of the user of this Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use. (From Standards Proposal No. 3-4123-RF1, formulated under the cognizance of the TIA FO-4.2 Subcommittee on Optical Fibers and Cable
7、s). Published by TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION Standards and Technology Department 2500 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201 U.S.A. PRICE: Please refer to current Catalog of TIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION STANDARDS AND ENGINEERING PUBLICATIONS or call Global Engineering Docume
8、nts, USA and Canada (1-800-854-7179) International (303-397-7956) or search online at http:/www.tiaonline.org/standards/search_n_order.cfm All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A. NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT This document is copyrighted by the TIA. Reproduction of these documents either in hard copy or soft co
9、py (including posting on the web) is prohibited without copyright permission. For copyright permission to reproduce portions of this document, please contact TIA Standards Department or go to the TIA website (www.tiaonline.org) for details on how to request permission. Details are located at: http:/
10、www.tiaonline.org/about/faqDetail.cfm?id=18 OR Telecommunications Industry Association Standards (b) there is no assurance that the Document will be approved by any Committee of TIA or any other body in its present or any other form; (c) the Document may be amended, modified or changed in the standa
11、rds development or any editing process. The use or practice of contents of this Document may involve the use of intellectual property rights (“IPR”), including pending or issued patents, or copyrights, owned by one or more parties. TIA makes no search or investigation for IPR. When IPR consisting of
12、 patents and published pending patent applications are claimed and called to TIAs attention, a statement from the holder thereof is requested, all in accordance with the Manual. TIA takes no position with reference to, and disclaims any obligation to investigate or inquire into, the scope or validit
13、y of any claims of IPR. TIA will neither be a party to discussions of any licensing terms or conditions, which are instead left to the parties involved, nor will TIA opine or judge whether proposed licensing terms or conditions are reasonable or non-discriminatory. TIA does not warrant or represent
14、that procedures or practices suggested or provided in the Manual have been complied with as respects the Document or its contents. TIA does not enforce or monitor compliance with the contents of the Document. TIA does not certify, inspect, test or otherwise investigate products, designs or services
15、or any claims of compliance with the contents of the Document. ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES CONCERNING THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS, ITS FITNESS OR APPROPRIATENESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, ITS MERCHANTABILITY AND ITS
16、 NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY THIRD PARTYS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. TIA EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES REGARDING THE CONTENTS COMPLIANCE WITH ANY APPLICABLE STATUTE, RULE OR REGULATION, OR THE SAFETY OR HEA
17、LTH EFFECTS OF THE CONTENTS OR ANY PRODUCT OR SERVICE REFERRED TO IN THE DOCUMENT OR PRODUCED OR RENDERED TO COMPLY WITH THE CONTENTS. TIA SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY AND ALL DAMAGES, DIRECT OR INDIRECT, ARISING FROM OR RELATING TO ANY USE OF THE CONTENTS CONTAINED HEREIN, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATI
18、ON ANY AND ALL INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF PROFITS, LITIGATION, OR THE LIKE), WHETHER BASED UPON BREACH OF CONTRACT, BREACH OF WARRANTY, TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE), PRODUCT LIABILITY OR OTHERWISE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POS
19、SIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THE FOREGOING NEGATION OF DAMAGES IS A FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT OF THE USE OF THE CONTENTS HEREOF, AND THESE CONTENTS WOULD NOT BE PUBLISHED BY TIA WITHOUT SUCH LIMITATIONS. TIA-455-28-CiFOTP-28Measuring dynamic strength and fatigue parametersof optical fibers by tensionCONTENTS
20、Number Title PageContents iForeword - iiiSection 1 Introduction - 1Section 2 Normative references - 3Section 3 Apparatus - 3Section 4 Sampling and specimens - 6Section 5 Procedure - 9Section 6 Calculations and interpretation of results - 12Section 7 Documentation - 15Annex A Typical dynamic testing
21、apparatus - 16Annex B Guideline on gripping the fiber - 18Annex C Guideline on stress rate - 23Annex D Comparison of this method with IEC and ITUrequirements - 25TIA-455-28-CiiThis page left blank.TIA-455-28-CiiiFOTP-28Measuring dynamic strength and fatigue parametersof optical fibers by tensionFore
22、word(This foreword is informative and is not a part of this standard.)This document comes from TIA Project No. 2210B, and was formulated under the cognizanceof TIA FO-6.6 Subcommittee on Optical Fibers and Cables, and TIA FO-6.6.8, Working Groupon Optical Fiber Reliability.This document combines and
23、 is intended to replace the existing FOTPs TIA/EIA-455-28B,Method for Measuring Dynamic Tensile Strength of Optical Fiber (October 1991), and TIA/EIA-455-76, Method for Measuring Dynamic Fatigue of Optical Fibers by Tension (May 1993).There are four informative annexes.Key words: strength, fatigue,
24、failure stress, stress corrosion parameter, Weibull distribution.TIA-455-28-CivThis page left blank.TIA-455-28-C1FOTP-28Measuring dynamic strength and fatigue parametersof optical fibers by tension1 Introduction1.1 IntentThis method tests individual lengths of uncabled and unbundled glass optical fi
25、ber. It breakssections of fiber with controlled increasing stress that is uniform over the entire fiber length andcross section. The stress is increased at a nominally constant rate until breakage occurs. Thedistribution of failure stress values can be used to measure some reliability parameters.Cha
26、nges in the failure stress distribution that occur by changing stress rate can be used tomeasure the stress corrosion parameter n . For Weibull distributions, procedures are given todetermine the Weibull dynamic shape parameter mdand scaling parameter S0. Somedistributions are not Weibull, such as b
27、imodal Weibull distributions, but can be related toWeibull.1.2 ScopeFailure stress distributions can be used to predict fiber reliability at a variety of alternativeconditions. TSB-61 shows mathematically how this can be done. To complete a givenreliability projection, the tests used to characterize
28、 a distribution must be controlled for thefollowing: Population of fiber, e.g., coating, manufacturing period, diameter Gage length, i.e., length of section that is tested Stress rates Testing environment Preconditioning or aging treatments Sample sizeThis method measures the strength and the stress
29、 corrosion parameters of optical fiber atspecified constant strain rates. It is a destructive test, and is not a substitute for prooftesting.This method is used for those typical optical fibers for which the median fracture stress isgreater than 3.1 GPa (450 kpsi) in 0.5 m gage lengths at the highes
30、t specified strain rate of25 %/min. For fibers with lower median fracture stress, the conditions herein have notdemonstrated sufficient precision.TIA-455-28-C2This method tests the fatigue behavior of fibers by varying the strain rate. The test isapplicable to fibers and strain rates for which the r
31、elationship of log of failure stress vs. log ofstress rate is essentially linear. Other approaches are feasible for non-linear results.Typical testing is conducted on 0.5-m gage lengths with sample numbers ranging from 15to 30. The realm of probability that is characterized with a typical test does
32、not approach thelevel needed for installed cable when failure rates as low as 10-5break/km are required. Toassess probabilities at this low level, use ITM-1. This FOTP is useful, however, in comparingthe effects of different environmental treatments, or to measure either strength or the stresscorros
33、ion parameter.The test environment and any preconditioning or aging is critical to the outcome of this test.There is no agreed upon model for extrapolating the results for one environment to anotherenvironment. For failure stress at a given stress rate, however, as the relative humidityincreases, fa
34、ilure stress decreases. Both increases and decreases in the measured stresscorrosion parameter and strength distribution parameters have been observed as the result ofpreconditioning at elevated temperature and humidity for even a day or two.1.3 BackgroundThis test is based on the theory of fracture
35、 mechanics of brittle materials and on the power-lawdescription of flaw growth (see TSB-61). Although other theories have been describedelsewhere, the fracture mechanics/power-law theory is the most generally accepted.There are several other fatigue tests that are related to this test: Static fatigu
36、e in tension Dynamic fatigue in two-point bending Static fatigue in two-point bending Static fatigue in bendingWhile these tests theoretically measure the same properties, differences between themeasured values have been observed.1.4 OtherA typical population consists of fiber that has not been deli
37、berately damaged orenvironmentally aged. A typical fiber has a nominal diameter of 125 m, with a 250 m or lessnominal diameter acrylate coating. Default conditions are given for such typical populations.Atypical populations might include alternative coatings, environmentally aged fiber, ordeliberate
38、ly damaged or abraded fiber. Guidance for atypical populations is also provided.TIA-455-28-C31.5 HazardsThis test involves stretching sections of optical fiber until breakage occurs. Upon breakage,glass fragments can be distributed in the test area. Protective screens are recommended.Safety glasses
39、shall be worn at all times in the testing area.2 Normative referencesTest or inspection requirements may include, but are not limited to, the following references:EIA/TIA-455-A Standard Test Procedures for Fiber Optic Fibers, Cables,Transducers, Sensors, Connecting and TerminatingDevices, and other
40、Fiber Optic ComponentsFOTP-161 (EIA/TIA-455-161) Procedure for Measuring High Temperature and HumidityAging Effects on Mechanical Characteristics of OpticalFibersFOTP-173 (EIA/TIA-455-173B) Coating Geometry Measurement for Optical Fiber Side-View MethodFOTP-176 (EIA/TIA-455-176) Measurement Method f
41、or Optical Fiber Geometry byAutomated Grey-Scale AnalysisTSB-61 (TIA/EIA-61) Power-law theory of optical fiber reliabilityITM-1 (TSB-62-1) Characterization of large flaws in optical fibers by dynamictensile testing with censoring3 ApparatusThis section prescribes the fundamental requirements of the
42、equipment used for dynamicstrength testing. There are many configurations that can meet these requirements. Someexamples are presented in Annex A. The choice of a specific configuration will depend onsuch factors as: gage length of a specimen stress rate range environmental conditions strength of th
43、e specimensTIA-455-28-C43.1 Gripping the fiber at both endsGrip the fiber to be tested at both ends and stretch it until failure occurs in the gage lengthsection. The grip shall not allow the fiber to slip out prior to failure and shall minimize failure atthe grip.Record a break that occurs at the g
44、rip, but do not use it in subsequent calculations. Sincefiber strain is increasing during the test, some slippage occurs at the grip. At higher stresslevels, associated with short gage lengths, slippage can induce damage and cause grippingfailures that are difficult to ascertain. The frequency of su
45、ch failures can often vary with stressrate, leading to errors in estimating the stress corrosion parameter. Careful inspection of theresidual fiber pieces, or other means, is required to prevent the possibility of including grippingfailures in the analysis.Use a capstan, typically covered with an el
46、astomeric sheath, to grip the fiber (see Figure A1 ofAnnex A). Wrap a section of fiber that will not be tested around the capstan several times andsecure the fiber at the ends with, for example, an elastic band. Wrap the fiber with nocrossovers. The capstan surface shall be tough enough so that the
47、fiber does not cut into itwhen fully loaded. The amount of slippage and capstan failures depend on the interaction ofthe fiber coating and the capstan surface material, thickness, and number of wraps. Carefulpreliminary testing is required to confirm the choice of a capstan surface.Design the diameter of the capstan and pulley so that the fiber does not break on the capstandue to bend stress. For typical silica clad fibers, the bend stresses shall not exceed0.175 GPa. (For typical 125/250 c0c80 silica fiber, the minimum capstan diameter is then50 mm.) A par
