1、American National Standardfor Methods of Nuclear Material Control Measurement Control Program Nuclear MaterialsAnalytical Chemistry LaboratoryANSI N15.51-2007An INMM Sponsored DocumentANSIN15.51-2007Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for Resal
2、eNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ANSIN15.51-2007Revision ofANSI N15.51-1990 (R2006)American
3、National Standardfor Methods ofNuclear Material Control Measurement Control Program Nuclear MaterialsAnalytical Chemistry LaboratorySecretariatInstitute of Nuclear Materials ManagementApproved October 31, 2007American National Standards Institute, Inc.Copyright American National Standards Institute
4、Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that therequirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval havebeen met by the standards
5、developer.Consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANSI Board ofStandards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly andmaterially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more thana simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all
6、views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be madetowards their resolution.The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; theirexistence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approvedthe standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasi
7、ng, or usingproducts, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards andwill in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American NationalStandard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue anin
8、terpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the AmericanNational Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should beaddressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the titlepage of this standard.CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised orw
9、ithdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National StandardsInstitute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, orwithdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards mayreceive current information on all standards by calling or writing the AmericanNation
10、al Standards Institute.American National StandardPublished byAmerican National Standards Institute, Inc.25 West 43rd Street, New York, NY 10036Copyright 2008 by American National Standards Institute, Inc.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in anyform, in an electronic r
11、etrieval system or otherwise,without prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of AmericaCopyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-iContentsPa
12、geForeword . iii0 Introduction. 11 Scope and purpose 12 Normative references . 23 Definitions. 24 Technical Aspects of a Measurement Control Program . 55 Administrative Aspects of a Measurement Control Program 10AnnexesA Measurement methods procedure requirements 13B Target values for uncertainty co
13、mponents in fissile isotope and element assay 14C Target values for random uncertainties in sampling and element assay of nuclear materials 15D Target values and measurement system performance 16E Method development and qualification report. 17F Sampling plan. 18G Packaging instruction requirements
14、. 19H Identification and labeling . 20J Considerations for data records . 21K Storage of samples. 22L Considerations for laboratory documentation. 23M Program records considerations. 24N Measurement request and report form considerations. 25P Sample, laboratory, and data records requirements 26Q Exa
15、mple of control charts . 27R Management of a measurement control program 29S Essentials of a measurement control program . 30T Functional responsibilities for a measurement control program . 31U Training criteria for laboratory personnel 32V Recommended qualification program for analysts . 33W Revie
16、w and audit of measurement control . 34Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-iiPageX Documentation . 37Y Response to out-of-control situations. 38Z Objectives/purposes
17、 of Interlaboratory Comparison Programs 39AA Bibliography 40Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-iiiForeword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard
18、ANSI N15.51-2007.)This standard was revised under the procedures of the American National StandardsInstitute by Accredited Standards Committee N15 on Methods of Nuclear MaterialControl. The secretariat of N15 is held by the Institute of Nuclear Materials Manage-ment (INMM). Committee N15 has the fol
19、lowing scope:Standards for the protection, control, and accounting of special nuclear ma-terials in all phases of the nuclear fuel cycle, including analytical procedureswhere necessary and special to this purpose, except that physical protectionof special nuclear materials within a nuclear power pla
20、nt is not included.The Institute of Nuclear Materials Management has long recognized the importanceof measurement quality for maintaining adequate protection, control, and account-ability (MPC shipments; measured discards; transfers into, out of, or between material balance areas, item control areas
21、, or both; and total material on current inventory. 3.2 accuracy: A measure of the agreement between the measured value and the true (or assigned) value. See bias. 3.3 assigned value: A value assigned to a standard used for calibrating and/or controlling a NM measurement device or system. 3.4 ASTM I
22、nternational: Formerly the acronym for the American Society for Testing and Materials; now used by the Society as its complete name. 3.5 audit: An examination of current activities to assure that they are in compliance with program policies and procedures. 3.6 bias: A systematic error that can be es
23、timated by comparison of the sample mean of a series of measurements with a true or reference value, in which case a correction can be applied to remove the effect of the bias on the measurements. 2Available from the ANSI Electronic Standards Store (ESS) at www.webstore.ansi.org. 3Available from AST
24、M, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. 4Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 732 North Capitol Street, NW, Washington, DC 20401 or the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC 20555-0001. 2 Copyright American National Standar
25、ds Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ANSI N15.51-2007 3.7 calibration: The process of determining the numerical relationship between the observed output of a measurement system and the actual value of
26、the characteristic being measured based upon a certified reference material. 3.8 certified reference material (CRM): A reference material that is certified for the value of one or more of its properties by a technically valid procedure and accompanied by, or traceable to, a certificate or other docu
27、mentation that is issued by a certifying body. 3.9 chain of custody: A means of assuring that a sample is continually under control to prevent inadvertent or deliberate tampering from the time the sample is taken until its disposal and requiring signed receipts at each point where responsibility for
28、 the sample is transferred. (See also custody.) 3.10 confirmatory measurement: A measurement made to test whether some attribute or characteristic of nuclear material is consistent with the expected response for that material when no significant change in the NM content or concentration has occurred
29、. 3.11 control standards: Standards that are representative of the process material being measured. These standards are measured periodically in order to monitor system reliability and to estimate any bias associated with the measurements of the process material. 3.12 custody: A sample is in custody
30、 if it is either: in ones actual physical possession, in ones view after being in ones physical possession, in ones physical possession and subsequently secured so that tampering is excluded, or is kept in a secure area that is restricted to authorized personnel. 3.13 distribution: The relative spat
31、ial location of components of a mixture; A well-defined universe of possible measurements arising from a property or relationship under study. 3.14 diversion: The unauthorized removal of nuclear material from its approved use or authorized location. 3.15 documentation: The collection of records that
32、 describe the purpose, use, structure, details, and operational requirements of a program, and the performance of activities. 3.16 an estimate: The particular value yielded by a rule or method of estimating a parameter of a parent population. 3.17 homogeneous: A description of a substance that is su
33、fficiently blended to ensure that any sample taken from it is representative of the entire substance. 3.18 Inventory difference (ID): The difference between the quantity of NM on-hand according to accounting records and the quantity of NM on-hand as determined by a physical inventory. 3.19 ISO: The
34、acronym for the International Organization for Standardization. 3.20 limit of error (LE): The boundaries computed as the measured value plus or minus twice its standard deviation (uncertainty). Relative to the uncertainties of the measurement method, the underlying true value of the attribute being
35、determined will lie within such limits for a specified proportion of potential measured values, that is, for approximately 0.95, or 95% of them. 3 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without lic
36、ense from IHS-,-,-ANSI N15.51-2007 3.21 machine readable: Material (label, tag, etc.) that is capable of being read by an electronic device. 3.22 matrix: The form or composition of a material that best represents the generic physical makeup of the material with regard to impact on measurement respon
37、se. 3.23 MC The quantity being estimated. 3.30 physical inventory: A determination by physical means (visual and measurement) of the quantity of nuclear material on-hand at a specified point in time. 3.31 precision: A quantitative measure of the variability of a set of repeated measurements. 3.32 pr
38、ocedure: A document that specifies or describes how an activity is to be performed. 3.33 qualification: Demonstration (through specific test requirements) of adequate knowledge and experience for the performance of a task 3.34 random error: The specific variation encountered in a single measurement,
39、 characterized by the random occurrence of a positive or negative deviation from the mean value of the measurement. 3.35 reference material (RM): A material or substance one or more properties of which are sufficiently well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment o
40、f a measurement method, or the assignment of values to materials. 3.36 replicate samples: Two or more samples taken independently from the same population. 3.37 shelf-life: The time that elapses before a stored material or device is rendered inoperative or unusable for its intended purpose due to ag
41、e or deterioration. 4 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSI Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ANSI N15.51-2007 3.38 special nuclear material (SNM): U-233, uranium enriched in U-233 and/or U-235, pluton
42、ium, or any combination thereof, and any other material which, pursuant to the provisions of Section 51 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, has been determined to be special nuclear material, but does not include source material; it also includes any material artificially enriched by any o
43、f the foregoing, not including source material as defined by the Atomic Energy Act, Title 42, U. S. Code, Section 2002, et. seq. 3.39 standard deviation: The positive square root of the variance. 3.40 standard error (of a parameter estimate): The standard deviation of the parameter estimate. 3.41 st
44、atistical sampling: A statistically valid technique used to select elements from a population, including probability sampling, simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. 3.42 systematic error: The mean that would result from an infinite number of measurem
45、ents of the same measurand carried out under the same conditions of measurement minus a true value of the measurand. 3.43 tare: The weight of a container or wrapper that is deducted from the gross weight to obtain the net weight. 3.44 traceability: The ability to relate individual measurement result
46、s to national standards (primary standards) or nationally accepted measurement systems through an unbroken chain of comparisons. 3.45 uncertainty: A concept employed to describe the inability of a measurement process to measure the true value exactly. 3.46 variance: A measure of the dispersion of a
47、set of results. 3.47 variance propagation: The determination of the value to be assigned as the uncertainty of a given quantity using mathematical formulas for the combination of uncertainty components. Variance propagation involves many considerations, and the computational formulas for computing t
48、he uncertainty depend upon the functional relationships of the measurement parameters involved. 3.48 verification measurement: A quantitative measurement to verify an existing measured value as previously recorded. 3.49 verisimilitude: A concept applied to standards that represent the material to be
49、 analyzed, characterized, or tested as closely as necessary. 4 Technical aspects of a measurement control program 4.1 Methods 4.1.1 Introduction. A measurement control program provides assurance that data produced from a measurement system are acceptable for meeting established measurement performance requirements. For
