1、 Reference numberISO 19108:2002(E)ISO 2002INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO19108First edition2002-09-01Geographic information Temporal schema Information gographique Schma temporel Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of ANSI
2、 Approval: 2/4/2003Published by American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2003 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI).All rights reserved.These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO),
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10、ute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19108:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword . v Introduction vi 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance . 1 2.1 Conformance classes and requirements 1 2.2 Applic
11、ation schemas for data transfer 1 2.3 Application schemas for data with operations 1 2.4 Feature catalogues 1 2.5 Metadata element specifications . 1 2.6 Metadata for data sets 1 3 Normative references 1 4 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 2 4.1 Terms and definitions. 2 4.2 Abbreviated terms.
12、 6 5 Conceptual schema for temporal aspects of geographic information 6 5.1 Structure of the schema . 6 5.2 Geometry of time. 7 5.2.1 Time as a dimension. 7 5.2.2 Temporal objects. 7 5.2.3 Temporal geometric primitives 8 5.2.4 Temporal topological objects 13 5.3 Temporal reference systems . 16 5.3.1
13、 Types of temporal reference systems. 16 5.3.2 Calendars and clocks . 17 5.3.3 Temporal coordinate systems . 19 5.3.4 Ordinal temporal reference systems. 20 5.4 Temporal position . 21 5.4.1 Introduction . 21 5.4.2 TM_Position . 21 5.4.3 TM_TemporalPosition. 21 5.4.4 Position referenced to calendar a
14、nd clock. 23 5.4.5 Position referenced to a temporal coordinate system 23 5.4.6 Position referenced to an ordinal temporal reference system.24 5.5 Time and components of geographic information 24 5.5.1 Temporal aspects of geographic information components . 24 5.5.2 Temporal feature attributes 25 5.
15、5.3 Temporal feature operations 26 5.5.4 Time and feature associations. 27 5.5.5 Temporal metadata elements. 29 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite 31 A.1 Application schemas for data transfer 31 A.2 Application schemas for data with operations 31 A.3 Feature catalogues 31 A.4 Metadata element s
16、pecifications . 32 A.5 Metadata for data sets 32 Annex B (informative) Use of time in application schemas . 33 B.1 Temporal feature attributes 33 B.1.1 TM_GeometricPrimitive as a data type . 33 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo re
17、production or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19108:2002(E) iv ISO 2002 All rights reservedB.1.2 TM_GeometricPrimitive as a temporal attribute 33 B.1.3 TM_TopologicalComplex as an attribute 34 B.1.4 Recurring attribute values 34 B.2 Temporal feature associations 35 B.2.1 Simple
18、 temporal associations 35 B.2.2 Feature succession. 36 B.3 Feature associations with temporal characteristics 37 Annex C (normative) Describing temporal reference systems in metadata. 38 C.1 Metadata for temporal reference systems 38 Annex D (informative) Description of calendars 41 D.1 Internal str
19、ucture of calendars. 41 D.2 Describing a calendar . 42 D.3 Examples 43 D.3.1 Julian calendar 43 D.3.2 Modern Japanese calendar 44 D.3.3 Ancient Babylonian calendar . 45 D.3.4 Global Positioning System calendar. 47 Bibliography 48 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under
20、license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19108:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work o
21、f preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmenta
22、l, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. The main
23、 task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Atte
24、ntion is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19108 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
25、 Annexes A and C form a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes B and D are for information only. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19108:2002(E)
26、 vi ISO 2002 All rights reservedIntroduction This International Standard defines the standard concepts needed to describe the temporal characteristics of geographic information as they are abstracted from the real world. Temporal characteristics of geographic information include feature attributes,
27、feature operations, feature associations, and metadata elements that take a value in the temporal domain. The widespread application of computers and geographic information systems has led to the increased analysis of geospatial data within multiple disciplines. Geographic information is not confine
28、d to a three-dimensional spatial domain. Many geographic information systems require data with temporal characteristics. A standardized conceptual schema for temporal characteristics will increase the ability of geographic information to be used for certain types of applications such as simulations
29、and predictive modelling. As a fundamental physical reality, time is of interest to the whole range of scientific and technical disciplines. Many of the concepts described in this International Standard are applicable outside of the field of geographic information. ISO/TC 211 does not intend to deve
30、lop independent standards for the description of time, but the technical committee believes that it is necessary to standardize the way to describe the temporal characteristics of geographic data sets and features. Geographic information system and software developers and users of geographic informa
31、tion will use this schema to provide consistently understandable temporal data structures. Historically, temporal characteristics of features have been treated as thematic feature attributes. For example, a feature “Building“ may have an attribute “date of construction“. However, there is increasing
32、 interest in describing the behaviour of features as a function of time. This can be supported to a limited extent when time is treated independently of space. For example, the path followed by a moving object can be represented as a set of features called “way point“, each of which is represented a
33、s a point and has an attribute that provides the time at which the object was at that spatial position. Behaviour in time may be described more easily if the temporal dimension is combined with the spatial dimensions, so that a feature can be represented as a spatiotemporal object. For example, the
34、path of a moving object could be represented as a curve described by coordinates in x, y and t. This International Standard has been prepared in order to standardize the use of time in feature attributes. Although it does not describe feature geometry in terms of a combination of spatial and tempora
35、l coordinates, it has been written to establish a basis for doing so in a future standard within the ISO 19100 series. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-INTERNATION
36、AL STANDARD ISO 19108:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 1Geographic information Temporal schema 1 Scope This International Standard defines concepts for describing temporal characteristics of geographic information. It depends upon existing information technology standards for the interchange of
37、temporal information. It provides a basis for defining temporal feature attributes, feature operations, and feature associations, and for defining the temporal aspects of metadata about geographic information. Since this International Standard is concerned with the temporal characteristics of geogra
38、phic information as they are abstracted from the real world, it emphasizes valid time rather than transaction time. 2 Conformance 2.1 Conformance classes and requirements This International Standard defines five conformance classes, which depend upon the nature of the test item. 2.2 Application sche
39、mas for data transfer To conform to this International Standard, an application schema for data transfer shall satisfy the requirements of A.1 of the Abstract Test Suite in annex A. 2.3 Application schemas for data with operations To conform to this International Standard, an application schema that
40、 supports operations on data shall satisfy the requirements of A.2 of the Abstract Test Suite in annex A. 2.4 Feature catalogues To conform to this International Standard, a feature catalogue shall satisfy the requirements of A.3 of the Abstract Test Suite in annex A. 2.5 Metadata element specificat
41、ions To conform to this International Standard, a metadata specification shall satisfy the requirements of A.4 of the Abstract Test Suite in annex A. 2.6 Metadata for data sets To conform to this International Standard, metadata for a data set shall satisfy the requirements of A.5 of the Abstract Te
42、st Suite in annex A. 3 Normative references The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these Copyright American National Stan
43、dards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19108:2002(E) 2 ISO 2002 All rights reservedpublications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to i
44、nvestigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 31-1:1992, Q
45、uantities and units Part 1: Space and time ISO 1000:1992, SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units ISO 8601:2000, Data elements and interchange formats Information interchange Representation of dates and times ISO/IEC 11404:1996, Information technology P
46、rogramming languages, their environments and system software interfaces Language-independent data types ISO/TS 19103:1), Geographic information Conceptual schema language ISO 19107:1), Geographic information Spatial schema ISO 19109:1), Geographic information Rules for application schema ISO 19110:1
47、), Geographic information Methodology for feature cataloguing ISO 19111:1), Geographic information Spatial referencing by coordinates ISO 19115:1), Geographic information Metadata 4 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms 4.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, th
48、e following terms and definitions apply. 4.1.1 calendar discrete temporal reference system that provides a basis for defining temporal position to a resolution of one day 4.1.2 calendar era sequence of periods of one of the types used in a calendar, counted from a specified event 4.1.3 UTC Coordinat
49、ed Universal Time time scale maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) and the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) that forms the basis of a coordinated dissemination of standard frequencies and time signals ITU-R Rec.TF.686-1 (1997) 4.1.4 day period having a duration nominally equivalent to the periodic
