1、Recognized as anAmerican National Standard (ANSI)The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.347 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USACopyright 1999 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 4 June 1999. Printed in the United
2、 States of America.Print: ISBN 0-7381-1656-4 SH94739PDF: ISBN 0-7381-1657-2 SS94739No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written per-mission of the publisher.IEEE Std 309-1999N42-3-1999(R2006)(Revision of IEEE Std
3、 309-1970ANSI N43-1969)IEEE Standard Test Procedures and Basis for Geiger-Mueller CountersSponsorNuclear Instruments and Detectors Committeeof theIEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society Approved 12 May 1999American National Standards InstituteReaffirmed 30 March 2006Approved 18 March 1999IEEE-SA St
4、andards BoardAbstract: Test procedures for Geiger-Mueller counters that are used for the detection of ionizing radiationare presented so that they have the same meaning to both manufacturers and users. Also included isinformation on bases (i.e., connections) for the counters. Keywords: gas counter,
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17、ion.Copyright 1999 IEEE. All rights reserved.iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 309-1999/ANSI N42.3-1999, IEEE Standard Test Procedures and Bases forGeiger-Mueller Counters.)This standard is a revision of the 1970 version. It presents standard test procedures for Geiger-Muelle
18、rcounters that are used for the detection of ionizing radiation. Also included is information on standard andtypical bases for the counters. This revision has been approved by the Nuclear Instruments and DetectorsCommittee (NIDCom) of the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society and by the Accredite
19、d StandardsCommittee N42 on Nuclear Instrumentation of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) for whichthe IEEE serves as the Secretariat.These detectors, originally announced by Geiger and Mller in 1928, represented a major step forward in thedetection and counting of individual radioacti
20、ve events. The amplitude of the output signal is independent ofthe energy of the event. Therefore, when only the counting of radioactive events is required, without regardfor the type of radiation or its energy, Geiger-Mueller counters are useful. The output signal is large enoughto operate a scaler
21、 without additional amplification, the regulation requirements of the power supply can befar less than that required for the solid state detectors, and, unlike germanium detectors, no cryostat isrequired.The principal attributes of the Geiger-Mueller counters are their low cost and simplicity, which
22、 accounts fortheir wide usage in many applications. Ionization chambers and the subsequently developed scintillationcounter and semiconductor radiation detectors are capable of distinguishing between different types of radi-ation and their energies and can therefore be used for spectroscopy as well
23、as for counting. The scintillationand semiconductor detectors, because they are solid rather than a gas, are highly efficient for the detection ofgamma rays. The principal attributes of the scintillation counters are high efficiency and moderate energyresolution; whereas, the semiconductor detectors
24、 have outstanding energy resolution.Ionization chambers, scintillation counters, and semiconductor detectors are dealt with in other standardspublications.An excellent description of Geiger-Mueller counters and their operation is provided in Chapter 7 of Glenn F.Knolls book, Radiation Detection and
25、Measurement. (See Knoll B4 in Annex A.)ParticipantsAt the time this standard was completed, the working group of the Nuclear Instruments and Detectors Com-mittee had the following membership:David J. Allard,Project leaderLouis Costrell,Project leaderCarl R. Siebentritt,Project leaderDavid BarclayJos
26、eph G. BellianPeter BurgessEdward FairsteinM. R. FarukhiJames K. HeschJoseph C. McDonaldDonald E. StilwellKenneth L. SwinthAl N. TschaecheMichael UnterwegerSanford WagnerivCopyright 1999 IEEE. All rights reserved.At the time this standard was completed, the Nuclear Instruments and Detectors Committe
27、e had the follow-ing membership:Donald E. Stilwell,ChairMichael Unterweger,Vice ChairLouis Costrell,SecretaryWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 18 March 1999, it had the followingmembership:Richard J. Holleman,ChairDonald N. Heirman,Vice ChairJudith Gorman,Secretary*Member Em
28、eritusSubsequently, the accredited American National Standards Committee N42 on Radiation Instrumentationalso reviewed and approved this document. At the time of approval, it had the following membership:Louis Costrell,ChairMichael Unterweger,Vice ChairSue Vogel,Administrative SecretaryOrganization
29、Represented Name of RepresentativeAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Jesse LiebermanApplied Safety Technology Edward J. Vallario*Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories Joseph C. McDonaldBicron. Joseph G. BellianChew, M. H. . Jack M. SelbyEberline Instrument Company . James K.
30、 HeschEG whereas for other measure-ments, such as plateau determinations, calibrated sources are not needed. For determination of counting rateas a function of dose rate or fluence rate (as applicable), a calibrated source shall be used and the accuracy ofthe calibration shall be stated. In all case
31、s, the sources used shall be identified.5.4 Photon sources137Cs and/or 60Co gamma sources are recommended for tests of counting rate vs. dose rate or fluence rate.Other sources may be used for additional data at alternate photon energies (ISO 40376) but, in all cases, the6Information on references c
32、an be found in Clause 2.Figure 1Geiger-Mueller counter plateauFOR GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTERS IEEE Std 309-1999/ANSI N42.3-1999Copyright 1999 IEEE. All rights reserved.7specific isotope(s) shall be identified. Similarly, X-ray machines may be used if beam quality parameters(e.g., kilovoltage, filtration
33、, half-value layer) are specified.5.5 Alpha- and beta-ray sourcesA collimated alpha source (ISO 7503-1: 1988) may be used for probing the thin, (0.3 mg/cm2) typicallymica window (e.g., “pancake” or end-window type) of G-M counters to determine their radial sensitivity.A collimated beta source, such
34、as 90Sr+90Y, may be used for radial sensitivity of cylindrical, thin-wall beta-gamma counters. (See also ISO 4037.)A small source of natural or depleted uranium covered with approximately 20 mg/cm2of aluminum is usefulfor checking counters that have thin mica windows or thin windows of another mater
35、ial. This source is espe-cially suitable for comparing the operating characteristics (e.g., plateau length and slope) of thin windowcounters as no correction needs to be made for source absorption due to variations in window thickness.When absolute G-M counter detection efficiency is measured, calib
36、rated alpha and beta sources shall beused (e.g., 230Th and 99Tc). Sources shall have single principal emitters, with any secondary emitters pro-ducing fewer than 3% of the measured total counts. (See ISO 7503-1: 1988.)Thin-walled and end-window G-M counters are often used for contamination monitorin
37、g. Two measure-ments are frequently performed. The first measurement is the response to point sources of radiation, i.e., thedetector is positioned at a defined distance (typically 3 mm) from a reference source of alpha or beta radia-tion that has a diameter or maximum dimension that is small compar
38、ed to the diameter of the detector. Theresponse is expressed as either The “d-mm efficiency” (where dis the source to detector distance), i.e., the probability of a particlethat is emitted from the source being detected, or The ratio of the counting rate per unit time per Bq. The second measurement
39、is the response to large area sources, i.e., sources that are significantly larger thanthe maximum dimension of the detector window. In this case, the response of the detector is expressed aseither The counting rate per unit emission per cm2from the source at the defined source to detector separa-ti
40、on, or The counting rate per unit time per Bq. Suitable nuclides are the beta emitters 90Sr+90Y and 14C andthe alpha nuclide 238Pu. (See ISO 7503-1: 1988.)5.6 Geiger-Mueller counter test circuitsThe output of the G-M tube is coupled to a signal sensor. In most cases this will be a voltage-sensitivep
41、reamplifier or a univibrator. Either the anode or the cathode may be used for signal output, but the anodehas the advantage of lower stray capacitance to surroundings. Also, either terminal may be at high voltage(HV). If the output terminal is at HV and the preamplifier is at ground potential, a cou
42、pling capacitor, Cc,shall be used. Two examples are shown in Figure 2.IEEE Std 309-1999/ANSI N42.3-1999 IEEE STANDARD TEST PROCEDURES AND BASES8Copyright 1999 IEEE. All rights reserved.In part (a) of Figure 2, the anode is at positive HV and is coupled to the power supply through the load resis-tor,
43、 RL(2 to 10 MWas recommended by the manufacturer). As shown, the load resistor is on the sensor sideof the connecting cable. It is also possible to incorporate RLwith the G-M tube, but this requires an externalterminal for the packageone for the signal and one for the power supply. Also in part (a)
44、of Figure 2, anammeter is shown connected in series with the nominally grounded cathode. A bypass capacitor, Cbp, shallbe mounted at the G-M tube to provide a short path to ground for the signal current.In part (b) of Figure 2, the anode is at dc ground and the cathode is at negative HV. This arrang
45、ement allowsthe preamplifier to be dc coupled to the anode, eliminating the need for a coupling capacitor. Note that theammeter and the power have been interchanged with respect to their locations in part (a) of Figure 2.In both configurations, Ctrepresents the capacitance across the G-M tube (usual
46、ly the stray capacitance).To permit duplication of test conditions for comparing test measurements, the following information shall beprovided:a) The values of the components and their layout. These shall include all resistors and capacitors con-nected to the G-M tube, either directly or through a c
47、onnecting wire. If a wire is used, its length shallbe given.b) A statement as to which components are integral to the package and which are external to it.c) Input resistance and capacitance of the sensor used for the tests.d) Cable length and type (RG number) used in the tests, and whether the cabl
48、e is part of the assemblyor is external to it.Figure 2Geiger-Mueller counter test circuitsFOR GEIGER-MUELLER COUNTERS IEEE Std 309-1999/ANSI N42.3-1999Copyright 1999 IEEE. All rights reserved.9e) Information about the electronic instrumentation connected to the G-M counter output. The follow-ing ite
49、ms should be included: gain rise time, dynamic range, test input capacitance and its terminat-ing resistance, types of connectors, power requirements, and circuit diagram. If it is a commerciallyavailable unit, include the manufacturers model number. f) Operating voltage. The direct-current operating voltage shall be stated with the specification ofcounter characteristics. The term operating voltage,as used here, is the supply voltage, and thus isthe voltage across the load-resistor/counter combination.6. Geiger-Mueller counter parametersMeasurements shall be based
