1、 ANSI/ASABE S593.1 JAN2011 (R2015ED) Terminology and Definitions for Biomass Production, Harvesting and Collection, Storage, Processing, Conversion and Utilization American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who
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10、, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASABE S593.1 JAN2011 (R2015ED) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASABE S593.1 JAN2011 (R2015ED) Revision approved February 2011 as an American National Standard Terminology and Definitions for Biomass Production, Harvestin
11、g and Collection, Storage, Processing, Conversion and Utilization Proposed by the Biomass Energy and Industrial Products subcommittee; approved by the Food and Process Engineering Institute; adopted as an ASABE Standard May 2006; approved as an American National Standard May 2006; revised January 20
12、11; revision approved by ANSI February 2011; editorially revised web addresses, reaffirmed by ASABE December 2015; reaffirmed by ANSI December 2015. Keywords: Biobased products, Bioenergy, Biofuels, Biomass, Biopower, Definitions, Terminology 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 The purpose of this Standard is t
13、o provide uniform terminology and definitions in the general area of biomass production and utilization. 1.2 This includes all the terminologies that are used in biomass feedstock production, harvesting, collecting, handling, storage, pre-processing and conversion, bioenergy, biofuels, biopower and
14、biobased products. 2 Introduction The role of biomass in society has increased dramatically recently due to the high cost of fossil-based fuel, the burden of removal of excessive biomass in resource management, concerns over climate change, and the desire of governments of various countries to reduc
15、e their dependence on imported fossil-based fuel. Despite the effort that is being put into biomass production and utilization, the definitions and terminologies that are used sometimes differ. This has often caused confusion in the biomass production and utilization industry. 3 Definitions The foll
16、owing is a list of the definitions for the terms related to this standard. 3.1 Agricultural residue: Agricultural crop residues are the plant parts, primarily stalks and leaves, not removed from the fields with the primary food or fiber product. Examples include corn stover (stalks, leaves, husks, a
17、nd cobs); wheat straw, and rice straw. 3.2 Ash: The inorganic, non-combustible residue left after complete combustion of a material at minimum temperature of 575C. 3.3 Ash fusion test: A procedure used to determine the softening and melting behavior of ash. Ash of a material is formed into a cone an
18、d heated under prescribed conditions in a testing laboratory (ASTM D 1857). The temperature points that are observed are initial deformation temperature, softening temperature, hemispherical temperature and fluid temperature. The higher the fusion temperatures of the ash of a material are, the lower
19、 the tendency of that material to slag in a combustion chamber. ANSI/ASABE S593.1 JAN2011 (R2015ED) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 3.4 Biobased product (biobased industrial product, bioproduct): Fuels, food, feed, chemicals, or industrial materials (e.g. pharma
20、ceuticals, building materials, inks, coatings, paper etc.) commercially produced in whole or in-part from biomass materials. 3.5 Bio-char: See the definition of Char. 3.6 Biodiesel: Mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats when chemically or biochemically reacted w
21、ith an alcohol. 3.7 Bioenergy: Energy derived from biomass. This includes biopower (see definition below), energy from biobased transportation fuels, and energy from biomass that is used for process or space heating. 3.8 Bioethanol: Ethanol produced from biomass. 3.9 Biofuel: A fuel derived from bio
22、mass. 3.10 Biogas: A mixture primarily consisting of methane and carbon dioxide produced by the bacterial decomposition of biomass. It is used as a fuel, industrial intermediate or feedstock. 3.11 Bioheat: Heat energy generated from biomass sources. 3.12 Biomass: Organic materials that are plant or
23、animal based, including but not limited to dedicated energy crops, agricultural crops and trees, food, feed and fiber crop residues, aquatic plants, forestry and wood residues, agricultural wastes, biobased segments of industrial and municipal wastes, processing by-products and other non-fossil orga
24、nic materials. Three main categories of biomass are primary, secondary and tertiary biomass (see definitions below). 3.13 Biomass conversion: Transformation of biomass into bioenergy or biobased products. 3.14 Bio-oil: A product of pyrolysis or liquefaction of biomass. It is a dark brown, partially
25、water miscible liquid which contains oxygenated organic compounds. 3.15 Biopower: Electricity from biomass or intermediate bioproducts. 3.16 Bioproduct: See Biobased product. 3.17 Biorefinery: A facility that uses mechanical, thermal, chemical, and/or biochemical processes to convert biomass into se
26、veral value-added biobased products or key intermediates for the production of chemicals and other materials. 3.18 Biosolids: Nutrient-rich organic material resulting from the treatment of wastewater and from anaerobic digestion of animal manures (see section 3.61 for additional information on anima
27、l manures). 3.19 Black liquor: Solution of lignin-residue and the pulping chemicals used to extract lignin during the manufacture of paper. 3.20 Bone dry material: A material having zero percent moisture content. 3.21 Byproduct: A secondary or incidental product that is derived from a manufacturing
28、process or chemical reaction, and is not the primary product or service being produced. 3.22 Carbonization: A process similar in nature to pyrolysis, but which uses lower temperature and longer residence time in the reactor. The resulting products include approximately equal amounts of liquid, tar,
29、and gas products. 3.23 Char: A residue resulting from pyrolysis, carbonization, and gasification of biomass. ANSI/ASABE S593.1 JAN2011 (R2015ED) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 3.24 Charcoal: Impure form of carbon, obtained as a residue when biomass is partially
30、 burned or heated with limited access to air. 3.25 Closed-loop biomass: Primary biomass grown, in a sustainable manner, for the sole purpose of optimizing its value for bioenergy and bioproduct uses. This includes annual crops such as corn and wheat, and perennial crops such as trees, shrubs, and gr
31、asses such as switch grass. 3.26 Co-firing: The simultaneous use of two or more different fuels in the same combustion chamber of a power plant. Generally refers to co-burning coal and biomass. 3.27 Co-gasification: The simultaneous use of coal and treated/ untreated biomass in the gasification proc
32、ess to produce syngas. 3.28 Coke: The solid residue of impure carbon obtained from carbon rich feedstocks after removal of volatile material by destructive distillation. 3.29 Co-liquefaction: The simultaneous use of coal and treated/ untreated biomass in direct liquefaction process to produce liquid
33、 fuel. 3.30 Combined bioheat and power: Bioheat and biopower simultaneous generated from biomass sources. 3.31 Combustion: Thermal conversion of a carbon rich feedstock with an oxidant (excess air) to produce primarily heat energy, carbon dioxide, water and ash. 3.32 Coproduct: A secondary product w
34、ith commercial value that is intentionally produced incidental to the manufacturing process or chemical reaction, and is not the primary product or service being produced. 3.33 Crop residue: Plant material remaining after the primary crop fraction has been harvested 3.34 Dedicated energy crops: Annu
35、al crops (such as corn) or perennial crops (such as trees and grasses) when grown specifically as feedstock for conversion to bioenergy and biobased products. 3.35 Densification: Process of increasing bulk density or energy content of biomass to improve handling, storage and transportation. 3.36 Den
36、sity, bulk: Mass per unit volume occupied by a large quantity of particulate material. 3.37 Density, particle: Mass per unit volume of individual particles (volume includes volume of pores within the particle). 3.38 Density, solid: Mass per unit volume of individual particles (volume does not includ
37、e volume of pores within the particle). 3.39 Devolatilization: A process (usually pyrolysis or gasification) whereby volatile materials are removed from carbon-rich feedstock. 3.40 Drop-in fuel or Infrastructure compatible fuel: Synthetic gasoline or diesel or jet fuel prepared from biomass that is
38、completely interchangeable or compatible with the conventional fuels. 3.41 Elemental analysis: The determination of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, and ash in a sample. See Ultimate analysis. 3.42 Energy crops: Crop grown and harvested to be an energy feedstock. 3.43 Feedstock:
39、 Preprocessed biomass that is ready for conversion to bioenergy and/or biobased products. 3.44 Fermentation: Process involving chemical changes in an organic substrate through the action of enzymes and microorganisms. ANSI/ASABE S593.1 JAN2011 (R2015ED) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and
40、 Biological Engineers 4 3.45 Fixed carbon: The remaining organic matter after the release of volatile matter and moisture from biomass. It is composed primarily of carbon with lesser amounts of H, N, and S. It is the difference between 100 and the sum of the percent moisture, ash, and volatile matte
41、r. 3.46 Fluid ash fusion temperature: Temperature at which the fused mass of ash has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum height of 1.6mm (0.063 in.) ASTM D1857. See Ash fusion test. 3.47 Fossil fuel: Fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal formed in the ground over millions of years by
42、chemical and physical changes in plant and animal residues under high temperature and pressure. 3.48 Fractionation: Mechanical or chemical processing of biomass material into anatomical or chemical components. 3.49 Fungible fuels: Fuels such as ethanol, butanol etc. made from biomass which has chemi
43、cal similarities with conventional fuels such as gasoline and can be blended and used in the existing engines. 3.50 Gasification: Thermochemical conversion, typically occurring at 750 to 850C (1382 to 1562F) in an oxygen-deficient environment, of carbon rich feedstocks into a gaseous fuel known as p
44、roducer gas or syngas. 3.51 Green metric ton: Mass of one metric ton of freshly collected biomass. 3.52 Greenhouse gases: Gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, which trap the heat of the sun in the earths atmosphere, producing what is commonly known as the greenhouse effect. Examples are water vap
45、or, nitrous oxide, methane, carbon dioxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). 3.53 Greenhouse heating: The heating effect due to trapping of the suns radiant energy by greenhouse gases in the earths atmosphere. 3.54 Hemispherical ash fusion temperature
46、: The temperature at which the cone of ash has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which point the height is one half of the width of the base. 3.55 Higher Heating Value (or HHV): The full energy content of a fuel. It is the amount of heat produced when a liquid fuel or oven dried solid fuel is fu
47、lly combusted, all of the products of combustion are cooled to 25C (77F) and the water vapor formed during combustion is condensed into liquid water. 3.56 Hog fuel: Chipped, shredded, or ground biomass that is processed to the specifications of a combustion power producer. May be produced from prima
48、ry, secondary, or tertiary biomass. 3.57 Hydrolysis: Chemical or biochemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of chemical bonds of substances and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxyl anion of water. 3.58 Hydrothermal carbonization: Mild form of pyrolysis using an aque
49、ous feedstock. Biomass is treated in hot compressed water yielding three product forms: solid fuel, aqueous compounds, and gases. The operational autogenic pressure is the saturated vapor pressure. 3.59 Initial deformation ash fusion temperature: The temperature at which the point of the ash cone begins to round (see Ash fusion test). 3.60 Lignocellulose: Biomass composed primarily of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. 3.61 Liquefaction: Thermochemical conversion process of carbon rich feedstocks into a liquid bio-oil and coproducts. Liquefact
