1、 Evaluation Standard for Internal Pressure Sheath Polymers for High Temperature Flexible PipesAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 17TR1FIRST EDITION, MARCH 2003Evaluation Standard for Internal Pressure Sheath Polymers for High Temperature Flexible Pipes Upstream SegmentAPI TECHNICAL REPORT 17TR1FIRST EDITION, MARC
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13、t, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2003 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThis technical report is under the jurisdiction of the API Subcommittee on Subsea Production Systems. This document hasbeen produced as part of a joint industry project “Evaluation of Polymers for High Temperature Fle
14、xible Pipes”.This JIP involved a materials test programme, and finite element analyses of both global and local flexible pipe crosssections. Prototype testing of a high temperature flexible pipe was not performed under this JIP; consequently, the materialproperties discussed in this document are tho
15、se which the steering committee considered are/will be important and relevant tothe application. The JIP has been technically and financially supported by an international consortium of oil companies,flexible pipe manufacturers, polymer manufacturers, regulatory authorities and contractors. A method
16、ology is described for the development of a test plan for the evaluation of a polymer for high temperature service.Also defined are a set of evaluation criteria by which a material must be assessed for qualification. The standard does not seekto rigidly define acceptance and rejection criteria. Thes
17、e should be specified by the user, giving consideration to a particularflexible pipe application. This standard aims to give the user guidance on the selection of these criteria.The evaluation methodology recommends performing a set of preliminary evaluation tests on polymers in situations wherelitt
18、le or no information is available to indicate their likely performance. This is a low cost approach to which allows keymaterials properties to be screened. A preliminary evaluation is not required where there is sufficient confidence in, andinformation about, a materials suitability to proceed direc
19、tly to a more comprehensive testing programme. In this instance, orwhere a material has passed the preliminary evaluation programme, a full evaluation programme is undertaken. This involveslonger term more extensive testing to identify performance characteristics of the material. The full evaluation
20、 stage iscompulsory for the qualification of materials for service according to this document.Material properties which are relevant to the evaluation of polymers for high temperature flexible pipe service application aredescribed. A test procedure is presented for each of these properties, making r
21、eference to existing standards where applicable. Aprotocol covering test procedural matters relating to the overall evaluation test programme is also provided. iiCONTENTSSECTION PAGE1 SCOPE11.1 General11.2 Significance11.3 Current Standards.11.4 Units.11.5 Safety12. REFERENCED STANDARDS13 DEFINITION
22、S AND ABBREVIATIONS.23.1 Definitions.23.2 Abbreviations.34 SERVICE APPLICATION34.1 Overview.34.2 Potential Failure Modes And Related Material Properties.35 EVALUATION METHODOLOGY.55.1 General55.2 Approach.55.2.1 Candidate Materials55.2.2 Service Application.55.2.3 Performance Criteria55.2.4 Evaluati
23、on Test Programme.55.2.5 Material Evaluation56 EVALUATION TEST PROGRAMMES76.1 Overview.76.2 Test Methods76.3 Preliminary Evaluation.76.4 Full Evaluation.76.5 Tensile Testing.76.6 Fracture Toughness Testing.86.7 Fatigue Testing.86.8 Stress Relaxation Testing86.9 Extrusion/Creep Testing.86.10 Dimensio
24、nal Stability Tests96.11 Hp Gas Permeation Testing.96.12 Rgd Testing96.13 Liquid Compatibility And Ageing.107 MATERIAL EVALUATION137.1 General137.2 Performance Criteria.137.2.1 Mechanical Requirements137.3 Interpretation Of Results.148. BIBLIOGRAPHY.16iiiANNEXE AMECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS17ANNEXE BTE
25、ST PROTOCOLS.23ANNEXE CMECHANICAL TESTS.24ANNEXE DPHYSICAL/CHEMICAL TESTS28ANNEXE ETRANSPORTED FLUIDS PERMEATION MECHANISM31ANNEXE FTYPICAL MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF CURRENTLY USEDINTERNAL PRESSURE SHEATH MATERIALS OR CONVENTIONAL FLEXIBLE PIPES.32ANNEXE GTRANSPORTED FLUID DATA.3311 SCOPE1.1 GENERAL1.1
26、.1 This technical report defines the methodology and testprocedures necessary for the evaluation of polymericmaterials suitable for use as the internal pressure sheath ofan unbonded flexible pipes in high temperatureapplications. It describes the processes by which the criticalmaterial properties, b
27、oth static and dynamic, can bemeasured and evaluated against relevant performance criteria.1.1.2 This document relates primarily to the propertiesnecessary for an internal pressure sheath required for oil andgas production. These are most relevant to high temperatureapplications. Only thermoplastic
28、materials are consideredfor the internal pressure sheath. Elastomeric materials,which are used in bonded flexible pipes, are not consideredin this document.1.1.3 This document has the following format:Section 1 ScopeSection 2 Referenced DocumentsSection 3 Definitions and AcronymsSection 4 Service Ap
29、plicationBackground toselection of material tests used in theevaluation programmeSection 5 Evaluation OverviewThe overallmethodology employed in the evaluation of acandidate materialSection 6 Evaluation Test ProgrammePresents,in detail, each of the material tests which formthe material evaluation te
30、st programmeSection 7 Material EvaluationPresents the criteriaagainst which material test results should becompared and gives guidance on theinterpretation of results.Section 8 Bibliography1.1.4 The following two applications of the EvaluationStandard are considered:a. the evaluation of a candidate
31、polymer for HT flexiblepipe service,b. the evaluation of a candidate polymer to determine itsgeneric performance envelope/limits.1.2 SIGNIFICANCE1.2.1 This Evaluation Standard provides a procedure fordetermining whether candidate polymeric materials have theproperty levels necessary for successful u
32、se as the internalpressure sheath of an unbonded flexible pipe in hightemperature high pressure applications.1.2.2 For the purposes of this document, hightemperatures are defined as those between 130 and 200C.High pressure is considered to be at least 34.5 MPa (5000 psi).1.2.3 This Evaluation Standa
33、rd also provides a means forcomparing the performance attributes of several potentialpressure sheath materials for high temperature applications.1.3 CURRENT STANDARDS1.3.1 The current standards which relate to the evaluationof polymers for internal pressure sheath applications are:i) API Specificati
34、on 17J, “Specification for UnbondedFlexible Pipe,” First Edition 1,ii) API Recommended Practice 17B “Recommended Practicefor Flexible Pipe,” Second Edition 2. 1.3.2 These documents address all aspects of unbondedflexible pipe technology relevant to current levels of hightemperature service; that is,
35、 to 130C.1.4 UNITSSystme International (SI) units are used in this evaluationstandard. Imperial units may be given in brackets after theSI units.1.5 SAFETYThe procedures described in this evaluation standard includematerials tests requiring the use of high temperature andhigh pressure conditions, of
36、ten with hostile chemicals. It isthe responsibility of individuals or organisations using thestandard to ensure that all appropriate safety procedures areimplemented to prevent injuries to personnel and/or damageto equipment or facilities.2. REFERENCED STANDARDSAPI Spec 17J Specification for Unbonde
37、d Flexible PipeAPI RP 17B Recommended Practice for Flexible PipeASTM D256 Test Methods for Impact Resistance ofPlastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsASTM D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties ofPlasticsASTM D2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, andFlexural Creep and Creep Rupture of P
38、lasticsASTM E831 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansionof Solid Materials by Thermo-mechanical AnalysisESIS draft protocol “A Testing Protocol for ConductingJ-Crack Growth Resistance Curve Tests on Plastics,” Hale,G., May 1994.23 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS3.1 DEFINITIONSFor the purposes of this
39、 standard, the following definitionsapply:3.1.1 Flexible Pipe: An assembly of a pipe bodyand end fittings. The pipe body comprises a composite oflayered materials (polymeric and metallic) that form apressure containing conduit. The pipe structure allows largedeflections without a significant increas
40、e in bendingstresses. The term “pipe” is used in this document as ageneric term for unbonded flexible pipe.3.1.2 Conventional Flexible Pipe: An unbondedflexible pipe which is suitable for internal fluidtemperatures of up to 130C.3.1.3 High Temperature Flexible Pipe: Anunbonded flexible pipe which is
41、 suitable for internal fluidtemperatures of between 130 and 200C.3.1.4 Internal Pressure Sheath: The innermostcontiguous polymeric layer of an unbonded flexible pipe,designed to contain transported fluids and ensure pipeintegrity.3.1.5 Candidate Polymer: A polymeric materialwhich is proposed for use
42、 as the internal pressure sheath ofan unbonded flexible pipe and is being submitted forevaluation testing.3.1.6 End Fitting: A mechanical device whichforms the transition between the flexible pipe body and theconnector. The different pipe layers are terminated in the endfitting in such a way as to t
43、ransfer the load between theflexible pipe and the connector.3.1.7 Test Temperature, Test Pressure: Thetemperature (T) and pressure (P) at which a test is to be runfor the purposes of evaluating a candidate polymer. Thechoice of test temperature/pressure will depend only on theperformance requirement
44、s for the proposed application.3.1.8 Test Result: The outcome of a materials test.This may be in the form of a physical quantity (e.g.,Youngs modulus) or a subjective rating (e.g., blisterdamage).3.1.9 Maximum Property Temperature(MPT): The maximum temperature for which a specifiedproperty meets the
45、 performance criterion; for example, if acandidate polymer swells 50% in oil at 165C, but only 1%at 160C, its MPT (for compatibility with the oil) is160C, assuming that 1% volume swell has been defined asacceptable for the application. See Figure 1.3.1.10 Maximum Service Temperature (MST):The maximu
46、m temperature for which all measuredproperties meet the specified performance criteria. Inpractice, there is little point in testing above the rapid gasdecompression (RGD) MPT (other than when conductingaccelerated ageing based on another property). If the MPTvalue of another property is lower then
47、it will give theMST. For example, if a candidate polymer has thefollowing MPTs RGD (190C), tensile (190C), crackgrowth fatigue (165C), liquid compatibility in threedifferent fluids (180C, 190 C, 170C) then the MSTfor the material is defined by the lowest MPT, that is,165C. See Figure 2. It is implic
48、it that MST issignificantly below candidate polymer melting point.3.1.11 Maximum Pipe Service Temperature(MPST): The maximum temperature for which allmeasured properties meet performance criteria specific to aparticular flexible pipe design. For example, the analysis ofa particular design might indi
49、cate that the allowable strainin a material with a MST of 180C is exceeded under certainbending conditions at 175C but not at 170ChenceMPST must be set to 170C. Note that the determination ofMPST is beyond the scope of this evaluation standard; it isincluded here for completeness. See Figure 1.3.1.12 Evaluation Criterion: A predeterminedcriterion against which test results are compared in order tofacilitate the evaluation of a candidate polymer.3.1.13 Performance Criterion: A performancecriterion specifies an acceptable range or limit for amea
