1、Recommended PracticeAIAAR-103-2004Terminology for Unmanned AerialVehicles and Remotely Operated AircraftAIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics andAstronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA. All rightsreserved.AIAA grants you a license a
2、s follows: The right to download an electronic file of this AIAAstandard for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printingone copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hardcopy print may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the e
3、lectronic file may not bedistributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. The hard copy print may onlybe distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization.AIAAR-103-2004Recommended PracticeTerminology for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles andRemotely Operated AircraftSp
4、onsored byAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsAbstractThe purpose of this Recommended Practice is to aid in promoting understanding of the vocabulary andacronyms, currently in use, among many different groups within the UAV/ROA community. It containsapproximately 400 terms and more tha
5、n 1100 acronyms culled from a number of authoritative sources onunmanned aviation. This document is intended to be a living document and will be updated periodicallyto reflect changes in the terminology of a developing technology.AIAA R-103-2004iiPublished byAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Ast
6、ronautics1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 22091Copyright 2004 American Institute of Aeronautics and AstronauticsAll rights reservedNo part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system orotherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.Printed
7、in the United States of AmericaAIAA R-103-2004iiiCONTENTSForewordiv1 Terminology .12 Symbols, Acronyms, and Abbreviations.333 References and Sources.84AIAA R-103-2004ivForewordThe Charter of the AIAA Committee on Standards for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle / Remotely OperatedAircraft Systems states (in pa
8、rt) that “the committee will develop, coordinate and publish the standardsnecessary for unmanned aircraft system flight and ground safety in all types of civil airspace and airfieldconditions. Because not all unmanned aircraft systems can be treated the same, classes will be definedand standards dev
9、eloped for each class. Classes will be based on a combination of aircraft weight, sizeand altitude of operation.Every effort will be made to use currently accepted standards consistent with each class of system. Thecommittee will also make use of all approved documentation that exists, such as the O
10、SD Office of theSecretary of Defense Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Roadmap and the Joint Aviation Authority/EuroControlUAV Task Force Report. The design, manufacture, operation and support of unmanned aircraft systemswill be addressed. Security issues in all aspects of unmanned aircraft system phases will
11、 also beaddressed.The first task will document a standard set of terminology.”This document is a product of that first task, to be completed, according to the Charter, “as soon aspossible, but no later than the end of CY 2003.” However, the intent of the Committee is that this shouldbe a “living doc
12、ument” subject to periodic review and enhancement.The format for each lexicon entry is as follows:Term (Acronym) Definition(s), with source(s) and/or reference(s) source and/or referencewebsite, followed, if appropriate, by a discussion, e.g., in the case that tworeferenced definitions are in confli
13、ct (see Section 3 for reference numbers).Example:Unmanned CombatAerial Vehicle (UCAV)A UAV that carries a lethal payload for attacking sea, air or ground targets 1The AIAA UAV/ROA Lexicon Working Group is led by Steve Kobiela of The Boeing Company inHampton, VA. Comments about the present text of th
14、e Lexicon should be directed to him:.The AIAA UAV/ROA Committee on Standards is chaired by Dick Wagaman of The Boeing Company inKeswick, VA. Suggestions for the work of this important, new Committee on Standards may be directedto him: .At the time of publication, the members of the AIAA UAV/ROA Comm
15、ittee on Standards were:Richard Wagaman, Chair The Boeing CompanyGeoff Bland NASA Wallops Flight FacilityJack Browne United States Air ForceLawrence Camacho NASA Dryden Research CenterGary Dale Air Force Research LaboratoryScott Dann General Atomics CorporationKirk Falk ARINC Engineering ServicesDon
16、 Greenlee SAICDave Grilley SRA International, Inc.Christine Haissig Honeywell, Inc.Steve Kobiela The Boeing CompanyAIAA R-103-2004vMike Lazar Northrop GrummanGerry Marsters AeroVations AssociatesDon McKeown Rochester Institute of TechnologyLaurence Newcome SRA International, Inc.John Price United St
17、ates Air ForceR. Ganesh Rajagopalan Iowa State UniversityJohn Taylor ARINC Engineering ServicesDoug Young NASA Wallops Flight FacilityThe committee members would like to gratefully acknowledge the following individuals for their valuablecontributions to this document:Jeff Bauer NASA Dryden Research
18、CenterSteve Hottman New Mexico State UniversityMarco Sterk Federal ExpressCheryl Yuhas NASA HeadquartersThe committee would also like to extend a further thank you to Mr. Steve Kobiela of The Boeing Companyfor his dedication to seeing this project through to completion.The AIAA UAV/ROA Committee on
19、Standards (Mr. Richard Wagaman, Chairman) approved thedocument for publication in January 2004.The AIAA Standards Executive Council (Mr. Phil Cheney, Chairman) accepted the document forpublication in January 2004It is intended that this document will be updated periodically to reflect changes in tec
20、hnology andaccepted terminology. Beneficial input (recommendations, additions, deletions) from users of thisdocument is welcomed and appreciated. An improvement proposal form is included at the end of thedocument. For an electronic version of this form, please contact Craig Day at craigdaiaa.org.Har
21、dcopy submissions should be sent to:AIAA Standards Program1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Suite 500Reston VA 20191-4344Fax: 703-264-7551, ATTN: Standards Program ManagerAny proposed changes will be subjected to AIAA consensus procedures prior to inclusion in thisdocument.The AIAA Standards Procedures pro
22、vide that all approved Standards, Recommended Practices, andGuides are advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. There isno agreement to adhere to any AIAA standards publication and no commitment to conform to or beguided by a standards report. In formula
23、ting, revising, and approving standards publications, theCommittees on Standards will not consider patents which may apply to the subject matter. Prospectiveusers of the publications are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement ofpatents or copyrights, or both.AIAA R-
24、103-200411 TerminologyTerm Definition sourceAcceptance flight A flight made to accept a contractor-produced aircraft, or one on which a contractoror Army depot has performed maintenance or contract modification before return tothe operational inventory It can also be a flight made by the receiving u
25、nit upontransfer of aircraft between components and/or units. 6Access 5 A partnership between government and industry structured to open the nationsairspace safely and seamlessly for routine high altitude, long endurance (HALE)ROA operations.Accident An undesired and unplanned (but not necessarily u
26、nexpected) event that results in(at least) a specified level of loss. 4Active air defensemissionOne or more aircraft, which in the interest of national security or flight safety areemployed for the purpose of recognition and determination of the intentions of anairborne object. 1Adapt to failures an
27、dflight conditionsAn unmanned system experiencing either system failures or operational conditionsthat prevent it from continuing its optimal mission profile will react within the confinesof its capabilities. Adaptation with respect to capabilities includes hover, orbit, stop,and station keeping. Th
28、is response is taken while operator intervention is performedor until the condition is cleared. System requirements may mandate that theunmanned system continue to perform the mission in a degraded mode. 7Administrator, FAA The Federal Aviation Administrator or any person to whom he has delegated hi
29、sauthority in the matter concerned 5Advanced ConceptTechnologyDemonstration (ACTD)A strategy for development and acquisition that provides a streamlined method forworking closely with the user to rapidly demonstrate and field a new capability inlimited quantity.Advanced GeneralAviation TransportExpe
30、riments (AGATE)NASA program, launched in 1994 to revitalize GA; 70-plus member alliance drawsfrom government, industry and academia. http:/agate.larc.nasa.govAerobatic flight Intentional maneuvers involving an abrupt change in an aircrafts altitude, andabnormal attitude, or abnormal acceleration not
31、 needed for normal flight. This doesnot include a maneuver that conforms to the aircraft flight manual such as a breakor a tactical or training maneuver when part of an approved training exercise 6AerodynamiccoefficientsNon-dimensional coefficients for aerodynamic forces and moments 5AIAA R-103-2004
32、2Aeronautical Radio, Inc.(ARINC)Chartered by the Federal Radio Commission (later to become the FederalCommunications Commission) to serve as the airline industrys “single licensee andcoordinator of radio communication outside of the government.”AerospaceExpeditionary Force(AEF)US Air Force term for
33、their ability to deploy worldwide.Air AccidentInvestigation Branch(AAIB)UK equivalent of NTSB www.aaib.dft.gov.ukAir carrier A person who undertakes directly by lease, or other arrangement, to engage in airtransportation 5Air commerce Interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce or the transportati
34、on of mail by aircraftor any operation or navigation of aircraft within the limits of any Federal airway or anyoperation or navigation of aircraft which directly affects, or which may endangersafety in, interstate, overseas, or foreign air commerce 5Air DefenseIdentification Zone(ADIZ)U.S. national
35、security provisionAir Tasking Order(ATO)US Military method to detail and distribute flight events.Air traffic Aircraft operating in the air or on an airport surface, exclusive of loading ramps andparking areas 5Air traffic clearance An authorization by air traffic control, for the purpose of prevent
36、ing collision betweenknown aircraft, for an aircraft to proceed under specified traffic conditions withincontrolled airspace 5Air Traffic Control(ATC)A service operated by appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly, andexpeditious flow of air traffic 5Air Traffic Controlassigned airspaceAirs
37、pace of defined vertical/lateral limits, assigned by ATC, for the purpose ofproviding air traffic segregation between the specified activity being conducted withinthe assigned airspace and other IFR traffic. 3Air traffic incidentreportReport on incidents that adversely affect the FAA air traffic ser
38、vice facilities inproviding safe, orderly, and expeditious movement of air traffic. 6Air Traffic Organization(ATO)A division of FAA that manages air traffic servicesAIAA R-103-20043Air transportation Interstate, overseas, or foreign air transportation or the transportation of mail byaircraft 5Aircra
39、ft A device that is used or intended to be used for flight in the air 5Aircraft engine An engine that is used or intended to be used for propelling aircraft. It includes turbosuper chargers, appurtenances, and accessories necessary for its functioning, butdoes not include propellers 5Aircrew Trainin
40、gManual (ATM)A publication that contains Army training requirements for Army flight crew membersand programs for qualification, refresher, mission, and continuation training insupport of the aircrew training program 6Aircrew TrainingProgram (ATP)Army aviation aircrew standardized training and evalua
41、tion program 6Airframe The fuselage, booms, nacelles, cowlings, fairings, airfoil surfaces (including rotorsbut excluding propellers and rotating airfoils of engines), and landing gear of anaircraft and their accessories and controls 5AIRMET Airmans Meteorological InformationAirplane An engine-drive
42、n fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air, that is supported in flight by thedynamic reaction of the air against its wings 5Airport An area of land or water that is used or intended to be used for the landing andtakeoff of aircraft, and includes its buildings and facilities, if any 5Airport Movement Ar
43、eaSafety System (AMASS)Radar system designed to prevent runway incursionsAirports CouncilInternational (ACI)Geneva-based organization representing some 544 airports and airport authorities in165 countries http:/www.airports.org/Airship An engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that can be steered 5
44、Airworthiness Comprises a set of formal processes and activities designed to assure that anaircraft attains and is maintained in an airworthy state, that is, a state that is fit andsafe for flight and in conformity with its type design. The airworthiness processesencompass initial Airworthiness Cert
45、ification of the aircraft type design by thecognizant aviation regulatory authority, followed by manufacture of each aircraft ofthe type in conformance with that design and maintenance and operation of eachairworthy aircraft of the type within a Continuing Airworthiness program approved bythe cogniz
46、ant aviation regulatory authorityAirworthiness Directive(AD)An FAA regulatory notice.AIAA R-103-20044Airworthy 1) In respect of an aeronautical product, means in a fit and safe state for flight and inconformity with its type design 5, 2) An aircraft is airworthy if it is in compliance withall the ap
47、plicable airworthiness requirements as specified by the Authority whichissues the Certificate of Airworthiness (C of A) or other permission for flight. UK CAA“working definition”, 3) When an aircraft or one of its component parts meet its typedesign approval or properly altered condition, and is in
48、a condition for safe operation.Alert area An alert area is established to inform pilots of a specific area wherein a high volumeof pilot training or an unusual type of aeronautical activity is conducted 5Alternate airport (ALTN) An airport at which an aircraft may land if a landing at the intended a
49、irport becomesinadvisable 5Altitude engine A reciprocating aircraft engine having a rated takeoff power that is producible fromsea level to an established higher altitude 5Amplitude Modulation(AM)A RF carrier signals amplitude is “modulated” or varied to encode the information(versus FM)Anti-torque rotor A rotor that serves either to counteract the effect of the main rotor torque on arotorcraft or to maneuver the rotorcraft about one or more of its three
