1、AHRI STANDARD 400 (I-P)-2014 AHRI Standard 400 (I-P) 2015 Standard for Performance Rating of Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers Price $10.00 (M) $20.00 (NM) Copyright 2015, by Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute Printed in U.S.A. Registered United States Patent and Trademark Office
2、IMPORTANT SAFETY DISCLAIMER AHRI does not set safety standards and does not certify or guarantee the safety of any products, components or systems designed, tested, rated, installed or operated in accordance with this standard/guideline. It is strongly recommended that products be designed, construc
3、ted, assembled, installed and operated in accordance with nationally recognized safety standards and code requirements appropriate for products covered by this standard/guideline. AHRI uses its best efforts to develop standards/guidelines employing state-of-the-art and accepted industry practices. A
4、HRI does not certify or guarantee that any tests conducted under the standards/guidelines will not be non-hazardous or free from risk. Note: This standard supersedes AHRI Standard 4002001 with Addenda 1 and 2. For the SI ratings, see AHRI Standard 401 (SI)2015. AHRI CERTIFICATION PROGRAM PROVISIONS
5、The scope of the Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers (LLHE) test requirements; rating requirements; minimum data requirements for Published Ratings; marking and nameplate data; and conformance conditions. 1.1.1 Intent. This standard is intended for the guidance of the industry, including manufacturers,
6、 engineers, installers, contractors and users. 1.1.2 Review and Amendment. This standard is subject to review and amendment as technology advances. Section 2. Scope 2.1 Scope. This standard applies to Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers as defined in Section 3, which includes the following types of hea
7、t exchangers: 2.1.1 Plate heat exchangers 2.1.2 Shell-and-tube heat exchangers 2.1.3 Shell-and-coil heat exchangers 2.1.4 Shell-and-U-Tube heat exchangers 2.2 Exclusions. This standard does not apply to heat exchangers used for change of phase or non-liquid heat transfer applications. Section 3. Def
8、initions All terms in this document will follow the standard industry definitions in the ASHRAE Terminology website (https:/www.ashrae.org/resources-publications/free-resources/ashrae-terminology) unless otherwise defined in this section. 3.1 Cold Stream. The liquid stream with the lower inlet tempe
9、rature. 3.2 Field Fouling Allowance. Provision for anticipated fouling during use. 3.2.1 Fouling Factor. The thermal resistance due to fouling accumulated on the heat transfer surface. 3.3 Hot Stream. The liquid stream with the higher inlet temperature. 3.4 Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchanger. A heat tr
10、ansfer device used to exchange heat between two liquid streams that are single phase fluids. 3.5 Number of Transfer Units (NTU). A dimensionless coefficient representing the magnitude of thermal performance. The equation for NTU is given in Appendix C. 3.6 Plate Heat Exchanger. Heat transfer device
11、that typically utilizes corrugated metal plates in a bolted frame. An alternate technique is for the plates to have elastomeric gaskets that seal the unit and direct the heat transfer stream in countercurrent flow. The corrugated plates can also be brazed together using a sacrificial alloy thus avoi
12、ding the need for a bolted frame. AHRI STANDARD 400 (I-P)2015 2 3.7 Published Ratings. A statement of the assigned values of those performance characteristics by which a unit may be chosen to fit its application. As used herein, the term Published Ratings includes all performance characteristics sho
13、wn on the unit or published in specifications, advertising or other literature controlled by the manufacturer, at stated conditions. 3.8 “Shall“ or “Should“. “Shall“ or “should“ shall be interpreted as follows: 3.8.1 Shall. Where “shall“ or “shall not“ is used for a provision specified, that provisi
14、on is mandatory if compliance with the standard is claimed. 3.8.2 Should. “Should“ is used to indicate provisions which are not mandatory but which are desirable as good practice. 3.9 Shell Type Heat Exchanger. A heat transfer device utilizing an arrangement of multiple hollow cylindrical flow chann
15、els (tubes) contained within another larger hollow cylindrical flow channel (shell). The fluid flowing within the tubes exchange thermal energy through the tube wall with another fluid flowing within the shell. This includes Shell-and-tube, Shell-and-U-Tube, and Shell-and-coil Heat Exchangers. 3.10.
16、1 Shell-and-tube Heat Exchanger. A bundle of tubes contained in a shell or container. The tube(s) carry a fluid through them, while the shell is also provided with an inlet and outlet for flow of another fluid. 3.10.2 Shell-and-U-tube Heat Exchanger. A heat-exchanger system consisting of a bundle of
17、 U tubes surrounded by a shell; one fluid flows through the tubes, and the other fluid flows through the shell, around the tubes. 3.10.2 Shell-and-coil Heat Exchanger. A heat-exchanger system consisting of helically corrugated tubes surrounded by a shell; one fluid flows through the tubes, and the o
18、ther fluid flows through the shell, around the tubes. Section 4. Test Requirements 4.1 Test Requirements. All Published Ratings shall be verified by tests conducted in accordance with Appendix C. Section 5. Rating Requirements 5.1 Ratings. Published Ratings of Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers shall
19、consist of ratings at conditions as elected by the manufacturer to facilitate the selection of equipment. Ratings shall contain all information shown in Section 6.2.1. When ratings include a Field Fouling Allowance, they shall be calculated by the method specified in Appendix D. 5.1.1 Clean Surface
20、Condition. Ratings shall be based on tests with initially clean heat transfer surface(s) and conducted in accordance with Section 4.1. The results of these tests are accepted as reflecting a Fouling Factor of zero. The Fouling Factor or heat transfer margin (if used) shall be agreed upon by the end
21、user and the manufacturer. 5.2 The manufacturer shall provide published information as to the maximum and minimum recommended flow rates for clean liquid. 5.3 Rating Tolerances (Applies to all Products Covered by this Standard). To comply with this standard, measured test results shall not be less t
22、han 95% of the Published Rating for heat transfer rates and measured values AHRI STANDARD 400 (I-P)2015 3 of pressure drop shall not exceed Published Ratings by more than 15%, or 1.0 ft of fluid, whichever is greater. Section 6. Minimum Data Requirements for Published Ratings 6.1 Minimum Data Requir
23、ements for Published Ratings. As a minimum, Published Ratings shall include all information shown in Section 6.2.1. All claims to ratings within the scope of this standard shall be accompanied by the statement “Rated in accordance with AHRI Standard 400 (I-P)”. All claims to ratings outside the scop
24、e of this standard shall be accompanied by the statement “Outside the scope of AHRI Standard 400 (I-P).” Wherever Ratings are published or printed, they shall include a statement of the conditions at which the ratings apply. 6.2 Published Ratings. Published Ratings (in catalogs or as computer output
25、) shall include, or be capable of generating, unit designation(s), and the information below. 6.2.1 Published Ratings shall state all of the pertinent operating conditions and shall include the following data: 6.2.1.1 Hot stream inlet and outlet temperatures, F 6.2.1.2 Cold stream inlet and outlet t
26、emperatures, F 6.2.1.3 Total heat transfer rate, Btu/h 6.2.1.4 Identification of hot stream and cold stream liquids 6.2.1.5 Hot stream flow rate, gpm 6.2.1.6 Cold stream flow rate, gpm 6.2.1.7 Hot stream pressure drop, psid 6.2.1.8 Cold stream pressure drop, psid 6.2.1.9 Fouling Factor, hft2F/Btu 6.
27、2.1.10 Hot stream NTU 6.2.1.11 Cold stream NTU 6.2.2 Published Ratings shall be accompanied by the following information: 6.2.2.1 Hot stream and cold stream design pressures, psig 6.2.2.2 Unit dimensions (length, width, height), in 6.2.2.3 All standard connection types and sizes, in 6.2.2.4 Dry weig
28、ht, lb 6.2.2.5 Flooded weight (water), lb If only clean heat transfer surface ratings are published, a statement shall be included to contact the manufacturer if fouled heat transfer surface ratings are required. Section 7. Marking and Nameplate Data 7.1 Marking and Nameplate Data. As a minimum, eac
29、h heat exchanger shall be marked with the following information, along with any other information required by governing codes and regulations: 7.1.1 Name of manufacturer 7.1.2 Manufacturers model or serial number 7.1.3 Hot stream side design pressure, psig 7.1.4 Cold stream side design pressure, psi
30、g AHRI STANDARD 400 (I-P)2015 4 Section 8. Conformance Conditions 8.1 Conformance. While conformance with this standard is voluntary, conformance shall not be claimed or implied for products or equipment within the standards Purpose (Section 1) and Scope (Section 2) unless such product claims meet a
31、ll of the requirements of the standard and all of the testing and rating requirements are measured and reported in complete compliance with the standard. Any product that has not met all the requirements of the standard cannot reference, state, or acknowledge the standard in any written, oral, or el
32、ectronic communication. AHRI STANDARD 400 (I-P)2015 5 APPENDIX A. REFERENCES NORMATIVE A1 Listed here are all standards, handbooks, and other publications essential to the formation and implementation of the standard. All references in this appendix are considered as part of this standard. A1.1 ANSI
33、/ASHRAE 41.1, Standard Method for Temperature Measurement, 2013, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, U.S.A. A1.2 ANSI/ASHRAE 41.3, Standard Method for Pressure Measurement, 1989, American Society of Heating, Re
34、frigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, U.S.A. A1.3 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, 2013, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, U.S.A. A1.4 ASHRAE Terminolog
35、y, https:/www.ashrae.org/resources-publications/free-resources/ashrae-terminology, 2015, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, U.S.A. A1.5 ASME MFC-5M, 1985 (RA 2006), Measurement of Liquid Flow in Closed Conduit
36、s Using Transit-Time Ultrasonic Flowmeters, 2006, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, U.S.A. A1.6 ASME MFC-11M, 2006 (RA 2014), Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Coriolis Flow Meters, 2014, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th St
37、reet, New York, NY 10017, U.S.A. A1.7 ASME MFC-16M, 1995 (RA 2001), Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits by Means of Electromagnetic Flowmeters, 2001, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47thStreet, New York, NY, 10017, USA. A1.8 ASME PTC 12.5, 2000, Single Phase Heat Exchange
38、rs, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, U.S.A. A1.9 ASME PTC 19.2, 2010, Pressure Measurement, 2010, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, U.S.A. A1.10 ASME PTC 19.5, 2004 (RA 2013), Flow Measurement, 2013,
39、 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017, U.S.A. A1.11 REFPROP Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties NIST Standard Reference Database 23, Version 9.1, 2013, U.S. Department of Commerce, NIST, Standards Reference Data Program Gaithersburg, M
40、D 20899, U.S.A. A1.12 Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, Ninth Edition, 2007, Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, 25 North Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591, U.S.A. AHRI STANDARD 400 (I-P)2015 6 APPENDIX B. REFERENCES -INFORMATIVE B1 Listed here are standards, handboo
41、ks and other publications which may provide useful information and background but are not considered essential. References in this appendix are not considered part of the standard. B1.1 AHRI Guideline E-1997, Fouling Factors: A Survey of Their Application in Todays Air-Conditioning Heating and Refri
42、geration Industry, 1997, Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute, 2111 Wilson Blvd., Suite 500, Arlington, VA 22201, U.S.A. B1.2 Cooper, A., Suitor, J.W., and Usher, J.D., Cooling Water Fouling in Plate Heat Exchangers, 1980, Heat Transfer Engineering, 1 (3), pages 50-55. B1.3 Haider,
43、 S.I., Webb, R.L., and Meitz, A.K., An Experimental Study of Tube Side Fouling Resistance in Water-Chilled Flooded Evaporators, 1992, ASHRAE Transactions, 98(2), pages 86-103, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329
44、, U.S.A. AHRI STANDARD 400 (I-P)2015 7 APPENDIX C. METHOD OF TEST FOR LIQUID TO LIQUID HEAT EXCHANGERS NORMATIVE C1 Purpose. This appendix prescribes methods of testing and calculating the thermal and hydraulic performance of Liquid to Liquid Heat Exchangers. C2 Scope. This appendix applies to Liqui
45、d to Liquid Heat Exchangers as defined in Section 3 of this standard. This appendix applies to laboratory testing for purposes of evaluating thermal and hydraulic performance of heat exchangers within its scope. This appendix is not intended for field testing of heat exchangers of any type. C3 Defin
46、itions. Definitions for this appendix are identical with those in Section 3 of this standard, with additions as noted below. C3.1 Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD). For heat exchangers exhibiting counter-current flow or co-current flow, LMTD is defined by Figures D1 and D2. C3.2 Corrected Log M
47、ean Temperature Difference (CLMTD). For Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers with various combinations of shell and tube side passes, the correction factor, R, from Section 7 of the Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association shall be applied. The correction factor, R, is a multiplier app
48、lied to the Log Mean Temperature Difference to account for flow types other than counter-current flow or co-current flow. C3.3 Test Apparatus. Ancillary equipment such as holding tanks, mixing sections, pumps, piping, and preconditioning heat exchangers that function to deliver the proper Hot and Co
49、ld Streams to the heat exchanger being tested. C3.4 Test System. The combination of test apparatus, test article, and instrumentation. C4 Test Measurements and Instruments. Measurements from the instruments shall be traceable to primary or secondary standards calibrated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or to Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) if a National Metrology Institute (NMI) other than NIST is used. In
