1、American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi cialsA Synthesis of Safety Implications of Commercial VehiclesOversize/OverweightDecember 2009American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi cialsA Synthesis of Safety Implications of Commercial VehiclesOversize/OverweightD
2、ecember 2009 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation O cials. All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.ISBN: 978-1-56051-466-4 Publ. Code: OSOW-1AcknowledgementsUTCA researchers express their deep appreciation to members of the Advisory Panel for
3、 providing advice and for identifying resource people and appropriate literature resources. Many members of the VSW Scan Tour team participated on the Panel, but other experts in heavy commercial vehicles were also members. In addition, Tom Kearney of FHWA was especially helpful in identifying sourc
4、es of heavy commercial vehicle crash data. Ken Agent of the Kentucky Transportation Center, and Tom Petrolino of the National Transportation Research Center, Inc. provided much useful information about large trucks and OS/OW truck safety.The students and staff of the University Transportation Center
5、 for Alabama provided wonderful support to the authors during the preparation of the synthesis by assisting with the literature review, analyzing data, preparing tables and figures, and otherwise supporting the authors. 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.A
6、ll rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.PrefaceThis synthesis report was prepared as a follow-up to the Commercial Motor Vehicle Size and Weight Enforcement in Europe international scan which was conducted from June 17, 2006 through July 2, 2006. It is timely given the press
7、ures of the increasing need to move loads that exceed the established vehicle size and weight limits. While studies have addressed the impact these larger than normal loads have on pavement and bridges, much less information is available on their safety implications. As a supplement to the scan, thi
8、s report describes what is known and what more needs to be known about the safety implications of overdimensional and overweight loads. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is grateful to the Federal Highway Administration International Technology Scanning
9、Program and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program for their co-operation and partnership in the International Scanning Program. AASHTO also very much appreciates the willingness of the Alabama Department of Transportation to sponsor this report through the University Transportation Cente
10、r for Alabama. AASHTO thankfully acknowledges the hard work of Dr. Daniel S. Turner and Ms. Leslie Anne Nicholson and their support staff at the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa in preparing this report. 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights res
11、erved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.iv A SYNTHESIS OF SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF OVERSIZE/OVERWEIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLESExecutive Committee20092010Voting MembersOFFICERS:President: Larry “Butch” Brown, MississippiVice President: Susan Martinovich, NevadaSecretary-Treasurer: Carlos Bracer
12、as, UtahREGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES:REGION I: Joseph Marie, ConnecticutGabe Klein, District of ColumbiaREGION II: Dan Flowers, ArkansasMike Hancock, KentuckyREGION III: Nancy J. Richardson, IowaThomas K. Sorel, MinnesotaREGION IV: Paula Hammond, WashingtonAmadeo Saenz, Jr., TexasNonvoting MembersImmedi
13、ate Past President: Allen Biehler, PennsylvaniaExecutive Director: John Horsley, Washington, DC 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.A SYNTHESIS OF SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF OVERSIZE/OVERWEIGHT C
14、OMMERCIAL VEHICLES vAdvisory PanelJeff G. Honefanger Panel ChairOhio Department of TransportationJohn NicholasWa s h i n g t o n St a t e Pa t rolRic AtheyArizona DOTMichael P. OnderFHWAJodi CarsonTexas Transportation InstituteLeo PenneAASHTOGeorge ConnerAlabama DOT Te d Fe r r a g u t , P EFHWAMich
15、ael GriffithFederal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationJoseph A. PetrolinoNational Transportation Research Center 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law. 2009 by the American Association of Stat
16、e Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.A SYNTHESIS OF SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF OVERSIZE/OVERWEIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES viiTable of ContentsList of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xList of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiExecutive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Section 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Th e Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Content of Th is Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6Section 2. The ConcernHeavy Commercial Truck Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Reason for Concern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Explosion in Growth of Large Commercial Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Summary
22、of Commercial Vehicle Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Case StudyMinnesota Investigation of Larger Commercial Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Summary of Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Section Summary . . . . .
23、. . . . . . . . . . . . 12Section 3. Heavy Vehicle Types, Weights, and Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Types of Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
24、3Size and Weight Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Legal OS/OW Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Section Summary . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Section 4. Truck Characteristics Affecting Crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Truck Weights and Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Truck Types and Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Truck Brake Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Antilock Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Vehicle Roadway Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . . . . 23Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Prominent Crash Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . 24Section Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.viii A
31、 SYNTHESIS OF SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF OVERSIZE/OVERWEIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLESTABLE OF CONTENTSSection 5. Heavy Truck Crashes in General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Early Large Truck Safety Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29More Recent Large Truck Safety Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Enforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、. . . . . . . . . . . 33Roadside Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Weigh Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Overview of Fa
34、tal Large Truck Crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Trend in Fatalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Distribution of Fatalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Crash Most Harmful Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Prevalent Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Driver Factors in Fatal Crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Truck Confi gurations
37、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Weight and Size of Trucks in Fatal Crashes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Section Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Section 6. Data Associated with OS/OW Heavy Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Two Meanings for OS/OW Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、. 45Comprehensive Data Is Necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Data Sets with Promise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47WIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47LTCCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48TIFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Individual Research Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Data for Which OS/OW was Established or Probable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . 49Summary of Data for Which OS/OW Was Established or Probable . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Data for LCVs and Other Large, Heavy Commercial Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53TRB Special Report 225: Truck Weight Limits: Issues and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53LC
43、Vs on the Alberta, Canada Sub-Network, 19951998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Subsequent LCV Study in Alberta, 19992005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Ontario B-Train Safety Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、 . . . . . . . 59Proposed New Vehicles in Minnesota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Section Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Section 7. Illustrative Case Studies . .
45、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Case Study: States with Special Overweight Exemptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Kentucky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Special Highway Designation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Truck Crash Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47、. . . . 66Overweight Trucks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2009 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.A SYNTHESIS OF
48、SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF OVERSIZE/OVERWEIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ixTABLE OF CONTENTSTruck Violations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Truck Braking Field Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Other Kentucky Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Special System Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Decrease in Citations and Crashes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
