1、- -_- - AASHTO TITLE GSSB 89 0639804 0007856 T43 BRIDGE GUIDE AND MANUAL INTERIM SPECIFICATIONS - 1992 Containing Revisions To: Guide Specifications for Structural Design of Sound Barriers, 1989 Guide Specifications for Bridge Railings, 1989 Standard Specifications for Movable Highway Bridges, 1 988
2、 ANSI/AASHTO/AWS Bridge Welding Code DI 5-88, 1988 Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 O Copyright, 1992, by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi- cials, Inc.
3、 All rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. AASHTO TITLE GSSB 89 m 0639804 0007857 98T m To recipients of the AASHTO Guide Specifi cations for Structiirnl Desigiz of Soririd Barrie
4、rs, 1989: Instruct ions Revisions have been made to the AASHTO Guide Specficatioris for Strrictziral Design of Sound Barriers, 1989. This package contains the revised pages. They have been designed to replace the corresponding pages in the book. Revisions, additions, and deletions are marked in the
5、revised pages by the use of vertical lines in the margins. One vertical line indicates revisions are from the Bridge Guide and Manual Interim Specifications - 1992. To keep your Guide correct and up-to-date, please replace the appropriate pages in the book with the pages in this package. AASHTO TITL
6、E GSSB 89 m Ob37804 0007858 8Lb m 1992 Revisions to Guide Specifications for Structural Design of Sound Barriers, 1989 .% -5 - . STRUCT-w DESIGN - OF SOUND BARRIERS 5 I e a. - 1989 t . - i Published by C American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W
7、., Suite 225 Washington, D.C. 20001 2002 Interim to GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF SOUND BARRIERS 1989 Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 O Copyright, 2002 by the American
8、 Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. ISBN: 1-56051-169-9 Code: GSSB-REV-1 AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY A
9、ND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2001-2002 VOTING MEMBERS OFFICERS: PRESIDENT: Brad Mallory, Pennsylvania* VICE PRESIDENT: James Codell, Kentucky* SECRETARY-TREASURER: Larry King, Pennsylvania REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES: REGION I: Joseph Boardman, New York, One-Year Term James Weinstein
10、, New Jersey, Two Year Term REGION II: Bruce Saltsman, Tennessee, One-Year Term Fred Van Kirk, West Virginia, Two Year Term REGION III: Kirk Brown, Illinois, One-Year Term Henry Hungerbeeler, Missouri, Two Year Term REGION IV: Joseph Perkins, Alaska, One-Year Term Tom Stephens, Nevada, Two Year Term
11、 NON-VOTING MEMBERS IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT: E. Dean Carlson, Kansas EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: John Horsley, Washington, D. C. * Elected at the 2001 Annual Meeting Ft. Worth, Texas HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES 2001 TOM LULAY, Oregon, Chairman VACANT, Vice Chairman JAMES D. COOPER, Feder
12、al Highway Administration, Secretav ALABAMA, William F. Conway, George H. ALASKA, Richard A. Pratt ARIZONA, F. Daniel Davis ARKANSAS, Edward T. Fain CALIFORNIA, Richard Land COLORADO, Mark A. Leonard CONNECTICUT, Gordon Barton DELAWARE, Muhammad Chaudhri, Dennis D.C., Donald Cooney FLORIDA, William
13、N. Nickas GEORGIA, Paul Liles, Brian Summers HAWAII, Paul Santo IDAHO, Matthew M. Farrar PLLINOPS. Ralph E. Anderson INDIANA, Mary JO Hamman IOWA, Norman L. McDonald KANSAS, Kenneth F. Hurst, Loren R. Risch KENTUCKY, Stephen E. Goodpaster LOUISIANA, Wayne Aymond, Mark J. Morvant MAINE, James E. Tuke
14、y MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow MICHIGAN, Sudhakar Kulkami, Mark MINNESOTA, Dan Dorgan, Kevin Western MISSISSIPPI, Harry Lee James MISSOURI, Shyam Gupta MONTANA, William S. Fullerton NEBRASKA, Lyman D. Freemon NEVADA, William C. Crawford, Jr. NEW HAMPSHIRE, Mark Rich
15、ardson NEW JERSEY, Harry A. Capers, Jr., Richard NEW MEXICO, Jimmy D. Camp NEW YORK, James OConnell, George NORTH CAROLINA. Gregory R. Perfettie NORTH DAKOTA, Terry Udland OHIO, Brad W. Fagrell OKLAHOMA, Robert J. Rusch, Veldo Goins OREGON, Mark E. Hirota PENNSYLVANIA, R. Scott Christie Connor O She
16、a VanPortFleet W. Dunne Christian PUERTO RICO, Jamie Cabre RHODE ISLAND, Kazem Farhoumand SOUTH CAROLINA, Randy R. Cannon, Robert SOUTH DAKOTA, John C. Cole TENNESSEE, Edward P. Wasserman TEXAS, Mary Lou Rails U.S. DOT, Nick E. Mpras UTAH, David Nazare VERMONT, James McCarthy VIRGINIA, Malcolm T. Ke
17、rley WASHINGTON, Jerry Weigel, Tony M. Allen WEST VIRGINIA, James Sothen WISCONSIN, Stanley W. Woods WYOMING, Gregg C. Fredrick, keith R. Fulton E. LaBoone ALBERTA, Dilip K. Dasmohapatra MANITOBA, Walter Saltzberg NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS, John C. NEW BRUNSWICK, Garth Rushton NORTHAMPTON, R. T. Hugh
18、es NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, Jivko Jivkov NOVA SCOTIA, Stan Nguan ONTARIO, Vacant SASKATCHEWAN, Herve Bachelu Pangalinan FHWA, Shoukry Elnahal MASS. METRO. DIST. COMM., David Lenhardt N J. TURNPIKE AUTHORITY, Thomas E. Margro N.Y. STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, William Moreau PORT AUTHORITY OF N.Y. AND NJ., J
19、oseph J. Kelly, Joseph Zitelli BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Wade Casey MILITARY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT COMMAND, Robert D. Franz DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, Paul Tan U.S. COAST GUARD, Jacob Patnaik U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS- U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE- FOREST SERVICE, Nelson Hernandez . LI1 INTRODUCTION
20、Increasing traffic flows on the highways and growing public awareness of the environment have established the need to evaluate the impact of highway noise upon the surrounding communities. In 1986, the AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, Ad Hoc Task Force on Sound Barriers was created to
21、deal with this relatively new area of design. Lacking a specific sound barrier design justification, designers have previously relied upon related specifications such as building codes or the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Trafic Signals. Thi
22、s publication has been created to provide consistent design criteria for the preparation of plans and specifications. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1-DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS SECTION 1-GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN 1-1.1 1-1.2 1-1.2.1 1-1.2.2 1-1.2.3 1-1.3 1-1.4 1-1.4.1 1-1.4.2 1 . 1.4.3 1 . 1.4.4 1-1.4.5 1-1
23、.4.6 1-1.4.7 1-1.4.8 1-1.4.9 1-1.5 1-1.5.1 1-1 s.2 1 . 1.5.3 1-1.6 1-1.6.1 1-1.6.2 1-1.6.3 1-1.6.4 scope 3 cost 3 Aesthetics . 3 End Treatment 3 Standard Aesthetic Treatments . 3 Sound Barrier Material 3 Functional Requirements . 3 Lateral Clearances . 3 Sight Distance Requirements 3 Sound Barrier H
24、eights . 3 Sound Barrier Length 3 Sound Barrier Locations 4 Frost Heaving . 4 Fire Hose Access . 4 Differential Settlement of Foundations 4 Maintenance Considerations . 4 General 4 Graffiti . 4 Access Requirements 4 Sound Barriers On Bridges 4 Masonry Block Barriers 4 Expansion Devices 4 Retrofit Ba
25、rriers . 5 Construction . 5 Drainage 4 SECTION %LOADS 1-2.1 1-2.1.1 1-2.1.2 1-2.1.3 1-2.1.4 1-2.1.5 1-2.1.6 1-2.1.7 1-2.2 1-2.2.1 1-2.2.2 1-2.2.3 Applied Loads . 5 Dead Load . 5 Wind Load . 5 Seismic Load 5 Earth Loads . 8 Traffic Loads . 8 Bridge Loads . 8 Ice & Snow Loads . 8 Load Combinations 8 W
26、orking Stress Design (WSD) 8 Load Factor Design (LFD) 8 Strength Reduction Factors $(phi) . 8 SECTION ?CONCRETE V 11 vi CONTENTS SECTION &TIMBER 11 SECTION 5CTEEL 11 SECTION &MASONRY 1-6.1 1-6.2 1-6.3 1-6.3.1 1-6.3.2 1-6.3.3 1-6.4 1-6.4.1 1-6.4.2 1-6.4.3 1-6.4.4 1-6.4.5 1-6.4.6 1-6.4.7 1-6.4.8 1-6.4
27、.9 1-6.4.10 1-6.5 1-6.5.1 1-6.5.2 1.6.5.3 Definitions . 11 Notations . 12 Allowable Stresses 13 General 13 Specified Compressive Strength of Masonry . 13 Calculation of Specified Compressive Strength . 13 Design Stresses 14 Compressive Stress, Axial 14 Compressive Stress, Flexural . 14 Reinforcing B
28、ond Stress . 14 Shear Stress, Flexural members 14 Shear Reinforcement 14 Bearing Stress . 14 Tensile Stresses in Reinforcement . 14 Compressive Stress in Reinforcement . 14 Combined Compressive Stresses . 14 Modulus of Elasticity 14 Design of Reinforced Masonry . 14 General 14 Working Stress Analysi
29、s 14 Reinforcement . 15 SECTION 7-OTHER MATERIALS 17 I I SECTION 8-FOUNDATION DESIGNS 1-8.1 1-8.2 1-8.3 SECTION 2-1.1 2-1.2 2-1.2.1 2-1.2.2 2-1.2.3 2-1.2.4 2-1.2.5 General 17 Spread Footings . 17 Pile Foundation 17 PART CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS 1-MASONRY BLOCK MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS Description .
30、21 Material 21 Masonry Block 21 Expansion Joints . 21 Mortar . 21 Aggregates 21 Grout 21 . _ _-_ _ AASHTO TITLE GSSB 89 m Ob39804 0007866 992 m CONTENTS vii SECTION &MASONRY BLOCK CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS 2-2.1 General Requirements . .22 2-2.2 Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units .23 2-2.3 E
31、xisting Facilities. . .23 APPENDICES Appendix A-Commentary-Sound Wall Design Criteria . .27 Appendix B-Commentary-Wind Loading On Sound Barriers . .29 Appendix C-Foundations . 31 AASHTO TITLE GSSB 89 = 0639804 0007867 829 = PART 1-DESIGN AASHTO TITLE GSSB 89 Ob37804 00078b8 765 PART 1 -DESIGN SPECIF
32、ICATIONS 3 SECTION 14ENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN 1-1.1 Scope These specifications are for the structural design of highway sound barriers. Sound barriers may be constructed from a variety of material, most com- monly concrete, wood, steel and masonry. Emphasis of this guide will be placed upon masonry
33、 design specifications since an applicable section does not currently exist in the AASHTO Specifications. 1-1.2 Aesthetics 1-1.2.1 cost Some moderate additional cost to enhance the sound barriers aesthetic quality is warranted. How- ever, elaborate or costly individualized designs which significantl
34、y increase the cost of the sound barrier shall be avoided. When landscaping is to be placed adjacent to the sound barrier which will eventually screen a substantial portion of the wall, only a mini- mal aesthetic treatment of the wall is justified. 1-1.2.2 End Treatment Sound barriers should not be
35、designed with abrupt beginnings or ends. Generally, the ends of the sound barrier should be tapered or stepped if the height of the wall exceeds 6 feet. 1-1.2.3 Standard Aesthetic Treatments Standard aesthetic treatments for various alterna- tive materials should be used. This will encourage aesthet
36、ic continuity, and simplify construction and maintenance. 1-1.3 Sound Barrier Material The materials selected for the sound barrier should be appropriate for the environment in which it is placed. For walls that are located at or near the edge of shoulder, the portion of the sound barrier located ab
37、ove the traffic barrier should be capable of withstanding the force of an occasional vehicle which may ride up above the top of the traffic barrier. At this location, masonry block, cast-in-place concrete, or precast concrete panels are the recommended sound barrier materials. If other materials are
38、 used above a traffic barrier, they should be attached in such a manner to facilitate easy replacement when damaged by an errant vehicle. In locations where the barriers are susceptible to fires, the use of fire- resistant materials for sound barriers should be used. 1-1.4 Functional Requirements 1-
39、1.4.1 Lateral Clearances The most desirable location for a sound barrier is just inside the right-of-way or outside the clear zone. When this situation is impractical, and the sound barrier is on a traffic barrier. the recommended min- imum clearance to the traffic barrier should be 10 feet from the
40、 face of the traffic barrier. Lateral clear- ances greater than the minimum of 10 feet or 11 feet 6 inches should be used when feasible. Guardrail or other traffic barriers should be considered for use when the sound barrier is located inside the clear zone. 1-1.4.2 Sight Distance Requirements The s
41、topping sight distance is of prime importance for sound barriers located on the edge of shoulder along the inside of a curve. Horizontal clearances which reduce the stopping sight distance should be avoided. Uhen locating a sound barrier near a gore area. it should begin or end at least 200 feet fro
42、m the theoretical curb nose location. 1-1.4.3 Sound Barrier Heights Minimum Height-Sound barriers should have a minimum height consistant with that of a right-of-way fence (measured from the top of the barrier to the ground.) When sound barriers higher than 16 feet are re- quired, consideration of s
43、urrounding features should be evaluated such that an exceptionally high wall does not create an unsightly impact on the environ- mental aesthetic features of the territory. 1-1.4.4 Sound Barrier Length Careful attention should be given to the length of a sound barrier to assure that it provides adeq
44、uate attenuation for the end dwelling. Where there is no residential area beyond the end dwelling, consid- eration should be given to terminating the sound barrier with a section of the barrier perpendicular to the freeway which could reduce the overall barrier AASHTO TITLE GSSB 89 Ob39804 00078b9 b
45、T1i 4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF SO UND BARRIERS length. This could require an easement from the property owner to permit construction of the sound barrier off the right-of-way. 1-1.4.5 Sound Barrier Locations Barriers can obstruct light as well as noise. Special consideration shall be given to possible r
46、oadway icing and other induced environmental conditions caused by the placement of the wall. 1-1.4.6 Frost Heaving Frost heaving is a consideration in frost areas. Foundations must extend below the frost line to re- sist tilting or lifting of walls. Sound barriers and traf- fic barriers on piles are
47、 subject to being lifted off the piles as the ground heaves. The pile should either be strong enough to resist the heaving force or the bar- rier should be beneath the frost area. 1-1.4.7 Drainage It is important to have drainage facilities along sound barriers to assure soil stability. Soils with p
48、hi, 4, angles of 25 degrees may develop flowing charac- teristics when saturated. Limits on fines, especially clay and peat, should be specified. 1-1.4.8 Fire Hose Access Provisions may be necessary to allow fire fighters and chemical spill clean-up crews access to fire hy- drants on the opposite si
49、de of the sound barrier. The designer should consult with local fire and emer- gency officials regarding their specific needs. Short walls may be traversed by throwing the fire hose over the wall. Taller wails may require an open- ing through which the hose is passed. Such openings can consist of formed or cored holes, a masonry block turned on its side, a maintenance access gate, etc. A small sign may be placed on the traffic side of the sound barrier. This sign would bear the street name on which the hydrant is located, thus aiding emergency crews in identifying t
