1、American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsJuly 2004Guide for the Planning, Design,and Operation of Pedestrian FacilitiesAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsJuly 2004ISBN: 1-56051-293-8 Publication Code: GPF-12004 American Association of State Hig
2、hway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.Executive Committee20032004Voting MembersOfficers:President: John R. Njord, UtahVice President: J. Bryan Nicol, IndianaSecretary-Treasurer: Larry M. King, PennsylvaniaRegional Representatives:REGION I
3、: Allen Biehler, Pennsylvania One-Year TermDan Tangherlini, District of Columbia Two-Year TermREGION II: Fernando, Fagundo, Puerto Rico One-Year TermHarold Linnenkohl, Georgia Two-Year TermREGION III: Gloria Jeff, Michigan One-Year TermFrank Busalacchi, Wisconsin Two-Year TermREGION IV: Tom Norton,
4、Colorado One-Year TermDavid Sprynczynatyk, North Dakota Two-Year Term Nonvoting MembersImmediate Past President: Dan Flowers, ArkansasExecutive Director: John Horsley, Washington, DCGuide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities iiiSubcommittee on DesignChair: Allen D. Biehle
5、r, PennsylvaniaVice ChairSusan Martinovich, FHWASecretaryDwight A. Horne, NevadaLiaisonJim McDonnell, AASHTOState MembersAlabamaDon T. ArkleSteven E. Walker, P.E.AlaskaGary Hogins, P.E.ArizonaJohn L. LouisArkansasPhillip L. McConnellCharles D. ClementsCaliforniaMark LejaColoradoDean Van DeWegeConnec
6、ticutCarl F. BardArthur W. GruhnJames H. NormanDelawareMichael A. AngeloKevin CanningMichael H. SimmonsDistrict of ColumbiaKathleen PenneyZahra DorrizAllen MillerFloridaBrian A. Blanchard, P.E.Robert GreerJim Mills, P.E.GeorgiaThomas L. Turner, P.E.James “Ben” Buchan, P.E.HawaiiGary C.P. ChoyJulius
7、FrondaIdahoLoren D. ThomasSteven C. HutchinsonIllinoisMichael HineIndianaGerald MroczkaIowaMichael J. KennerlyDavid L. LittleWilliam J. SteinKansasJames O. BrewerRichard G. AdamsLaMonte C. ArmstrongKentuckyKenneth Sperry, P.E.David JonesGary W. Sharpe, P.E.LouisianaN. Kent IsraelNicholas Kalivoda, I
8、IILloyd E. Porta, MaineJerome A. Casey, P.E.MarylandKirk G. McClellandRobert D. DouglassMassachusettsJohn Blundo, P.E.Stanley Wood, Jr.MichiganMark Van Port FleetMinnesotaRichard A. ElaskyMukhtar ThakurMississippiDavid FosterJohn B. Pickering, P.E.Keith PurvisMissouriDavid B. NicholsDiane Heckemeyer
9、MontanaCarl S. PeilPaul R. FerryRonald E. WilliamsGuide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities iiiNebraskaDon TurekDawn AllynEldon D. PoppeNevadaWayne KinderNew HampshireCraig A. GreenNew JerseyRichard W. DunneArthur J. EisdorferRobert A. SignoraNew MexicoRoy MaestasDennis
10、PeraltaMax ValerioNew YorkPhillip J. ClarkDaniel DAngelo, P.E.Richard W. LeeNorth CarolinaJay A. Bennett, P.E.Deborah M. BarbourArt McMillanNorth DakotaMark GaydosOhioCash MiselLarry F. Sutherland, P.E.OklahomaChristine M. Senkowski, P.E.Bruce E. TaylorOregonThomas LauerPennsylvaniaDean A. Schreiber
11、, P.E.Puerto RicoAriel PrezJos E. Santana-PimentelRhode IslandJ. Michael Bennett, P.E.South CarolinaRobert I. PrattRocque L. Kneece, P.E.John V. Walsh, P.E.South DakotaJoel GenglerJoe J. FellerTennesseeJeff C. JonesJames ZeiglerTexasMark A. MarekUtahJason E. DavisVermontRobert F. ShattuckVirginiaMoh
12、ammad Mirshahi, P.E.WashingtonHarold PeterfesoRichard AlbinWest VirginiaNorman H. Roush, P.E.David E. ClevengerRandolph T. Epperly, Jr.WisconsinBeth CannestraRobert F. PfeifferWyomingPaul P. BercichU.S. DOT MemberFAARick Marinelli, P.EAssociate MemberBridge, Port, and TollNew Jersey TurnpikeAuthorit
13、yJ. Lawrence WilliamsPennsylvania Turnpike CommissionBarry L. Troup, P.E.Port Authority of New York and New JerseyYue Sun ChenAssociate MemberFederalUSDA Forest ServiceDeborah BeighleyAssociate MemberInternationalAlbertaAllan KwanBritish ColumbiaRichard VoyerOntarioJoe BucikSaskatchewanSukhy KentivS
14、ubcommittee on Traffic EngineeringChairPhilip A. Shucet, VirginiaVice ChairThomas Hicks, MarylandSecretaryRegina McElroy, FHWALiaisonKen Kobetsky, AASHTOState MemberAlabamaTimothy C. Taylor, P.E.AlaskaKurtis J. SmithArizonaMike MantheyArkansasEric PhillipsTony SullivanCaliforniaAsif J. HaqKarla Sutl
15、iffColoradoGabriela VidalConnecticutJohn F. CareyDelawareDonald D. Weber, P.E.District of ColumbiaPatrick O. OgbeideFloridaLap Thong Hoang, P.E.GeorgiaPhillip M. AllenHawaiiAlvin TakeshitaIdahoLance JohnsonIllinoisJoseph S. HillKenneth C. WoodIndianaJim PoturalskiCarl T. TuttleIowaTimothy D. CrouchK
16、ansasDavid A. Church, P.E.KentuckySimon CornettLouisianaThomas L. PaymentMaineBruce Ibarguen, III, P.E.MarylandThomas HicksMassachusettsKelly F. ONeillMichiganVacantMinnesotaBernard J. ArseneauMississippiWes DeanMissouriSteven A. McDonaldMontanaDonald DusekNebraskaRandall D. PetersNevadaScott L. Tho
17、rsonNew HampshireWilliam LambertNew JerseyTimothy J. SzwedoNew MexicoVacant New YorkBruce W. Smith, P.E.David C. WoodinNorth CarolinaJ. Kevin Lacy, P.E.North DakotaAl CovlinOhioDave HolsteinOklahomaHarold SmartGuide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities vOregonEdward L. Fi
18、scherPennsylvaniaArthur Breneman, P.E.Puerto RicoSamuel Forestier Rhode IslandFrank Corrao, III, P.E.South CarolinaRichard B. WertsSouth DakotaJohn Adler, P.E.TennesseeDon L. DahlingerGerald GregoryMichael L. TugwellTexasMargaret (Meg) A. MooreUtahRobert HullVermontJohn H. PerkinsVirginiaRaymond J.
19、Khoury, P.E.WashingtonToby D. RickmanWest VirginiaBarry WarhoftigWisconsinDavid I. ViethGary C. WhitedWyomingMichael N. GostovichAssociate MemberBridge, Port, and TollNew Jersey TurnpikeAuthorityRobert F. DaleAssociate MemberFederalUSDA Forest ServiceJohn W. BellAssociate MemberInternationalManitoba
20、Ben RogersNova ScotiaRalph HessianSaskatchewanSukhy KentChairRobert L. Walters, Arkansas SecretaryWilliam Prosser, FHWALiasonJim McDonnell, AASHTORegion 1Kenneth Briggs, MarylandDonald A. Lyford, New HampshirePhillip J. Clark, New YorkReza Maleki, Port Authority of New York and New JerseyRegion 2Don
21、 T. Arkle, Alabama John Pickering, MississippiJeff Jones, TennesseeNorman H. Roush, West VirginiaRegion 3James O. Brewer, KansasJim Rosenow, Minnesota Ted Watson, NebraskaLarry Sutherland, OhioRegion 4Karla Sutliff, CaliforniaMax Valerio, New MexicoWayne Kinder, NevadaReza Amini, OklahomaMark A. Mar
22、ek, TexasPaul Bercich, WyomingOtherJohn LaPlante, American Public Works AssociationJoe Ruffer, National Association of County EngineersDavid Hutchison, National League of CitiesRay Derr, Transportation Research BoardviTechnical Committee on Geometric DesignGuide for the Planning, Design, and Operati
23、on of Pedestrian Facilities viiTable of Contents1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21.3 Design Regulations and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3.1 AASHTOs Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (Green Book) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.3.2 Manual on Unifo
25、rm Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) . . . . . . 31.3.3 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3.4 Uniform Vehicle Code (UVC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3.5 Accessibility Laws, Regulations, and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4
26、 Introduction Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62. Planning for Pedestrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1 Pedestrian Activity in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1.1 Walking as a Basic Transpo
27、rtation Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1.2 Walk Decision Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2 Characteristics of Pedestrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2.1 Walking Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2.2 Spatial Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.2.3 Mobility Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、. . . . . . . 162.3 Pedestrian Planning Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.3.1 Integrating Pedestrian Issues into Transportation Planning Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182.3.2 Prioritizing Pedestrian Improvement Projects .
30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.3.3 Rural Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.3.4 Phased Development of Sidewalks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25viii Table of Contents2.4 Pedestrian-Friendly Site Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . 262.4.1 Development Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.4.2 Strategies in Pedestrian-Friendly Ordinances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.4.3 Pedestrian-Oriented Site Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.4.4 Driveways and Access . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282.4.5 Commercial Parking Lots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292.4.6 Pedestrian-Only Site Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.4.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . 312.5 School Site Planning and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.5.1 Special Considerations Related to Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.5.2 Community Response to School Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.5.3 School-Related Pedestria
34、n Improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.5.4 Traffic Control and Crossings Near Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.5.5 Safe Routes to School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.6 Neighborhood Traffic Management and Traffic Calming . . . . 382.6.1 Tr
35、affic Management Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.6.2 Traffic Calming Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.7 Other Programs to Increase Pedestrian Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452.8 Planning Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463. Pedestrian Facility Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493.1 Designing Roadways to Accommodate Pedestrians . . . . . . . . . 493.1.1 Speed Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.1.2 Roadway W
37、idths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.1.3 Curbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.1.4 Sight Distance and Sight Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523.1.5 Lighting Overview . . . . . .
38、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533.2 Sidewalk Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543.2.1 Types of Pedestrian Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.2.2 Sidewalk Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563.2.3 Sidewalk Widths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583.2.4 Buffer Widths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593.2.5 Transit Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . 603.2.6 Driveway Access Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities ix3.2.7 Grade and Cross Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.2.8 Stairs . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633.2.9 Sidewalks for Highway Bridges, Underpasses, and Tunnels . . . . 633.2.10 Surface Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643.2.11 Pedestrian Facility Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . 653.2.12 Obstacles and Protruding Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653.2.13 Ambience, Shade, and Other Sidewalk Enhancements . . . . . . . 673.2.14 Off-Road and Shared-Use Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703.3 Intersection Design . . . .
43、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723.3.1 Curb Radii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733.3.2 Crossing Distance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743.3.3 Turning Movements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773.3.4 Crosswalks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803.3.5 Sidewalk and Curb Treatments at Pedestrian Crossings . . . . . . 833.3.6 Street and Intersection Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893.4 Midbl
45、ock Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893.4.1 Crossing Distance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903.4.2 Traffic Calming at Midblock Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933.4.3 Midblock Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943.5 Grade-Separated Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 943.5.1 Sidewalk Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953.5.2 Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47、. . . . . 953.5.3 Overpasses vs. Underpasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963.5.4 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983.6 Design Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994. Pede
48、strian Facility Operation and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . 1014.1 Pedestrian Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014.1.1 Pedestrian Signal Phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014.1.2 Pedestrian Signal Timing . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034.1.3 Warrants for Pedestrian Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034.1.4 Pedestrian-Actuated Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1064.1.5 Wide Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094.1.6 Pedestrian Signals in a Coordinated Signal System . . . . . . . . . 110x Table of Contents4.2 Pedestrian-Related Signing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1114.2.1 Regulatory Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
