1、Aluminumstandards and data2013 Metric SI Copyright 2013, The Aluminum Association, Inc.Unauthorized reproduction by photocopy or any other method is illegal.general information/characteristics1-1November, 20131. General Informationare corrosive to aluminum. Although the metal can safely be used in t
2、he presence of certain mild alkalis with the aid of inhibitors, in general, direct contact with alkaline substances should be avoided.Some alloys are less resistant to corrosion than others, particularly certain high-strength alloys. Such alloys in some forms can be effectively protected from the ma
3、jority of corrosive infl uences, however, by cladding the exposed surface or surfaces with a thin layer of either pure aluminum or one of the more highly corrosion-resistant alloys.A word of caution should be mentioned in connection with the corrosion-resistant characteristics of aluminum. Direct co
4、ntacts with certain other metals should be avoided in the presence of an electrolyte; otherwise galvanic corrosion of the aluminum may take place in the vicinity of the contact area. Where other metals must be fastened to aluminum, the use of a bituminous paint coating or insulating tape is recommen
5、ded.The fact that aluminum is nontoxic was discovered in the early days of the industry. It is this characteristic that permits the metal to be used in cooking utensils without any harmful effect on the body, and today we fi nd also a great deal of aluminum equipment in use by food processing indust
6、ries. The same characteristic permits aluminum foil wrapping to be used safely in direct contact with food products.Aluminum is one of the two common metals having an electrical conductivity high enough for use as an electric conductor. The conductivity of electric conductor grade (1350) is about 62
7、 percent that of the International Annealed Copper Standard. Because aluminum has less than one-third the specifi c gravity of copper, however, a kilogram of aluminum will go about twice as far as a kilogram of copper when used for this purpose. Alloying lowers the conductivity somewhat, so that whe
8、rever possible alloy 1350 is used in electric conductor applications. The high thermal conductivity of aluminum came prominently into play in the very fi rst large-scale commercial application of the metal in cooking utensils. This characteristic is important wherever the transfer of thermal energy
9、from one medium to another is involved, either heating or cooling. Thus aluminum heat exchangers are commonly used in the food, chemical, petroleum, aircraft and other industries. Aluminum is also an excellent refl ector of radiant energy through the entire range of wavelengths, from ultraviolet, th
10、rough the visible spectrum to infrared and heat waves, as well as electromagnetic waves of radio and radar.Aluminum has a light refl ectivity of over 80 percent, which has led to its wide use in lighting fi xtures. Aluminum roofi ng refl ects a high percentage of the suns heat, so that buildings roo
11、fed with this material are cooler in summer.A unique combination of properties makes aluminum one of our most versatile engineering and construction materials. A mere recital of its characteristics is impressive. It is light in mass, yet some of its alloys have strengths greater than that of structu
12、ral steel. It has high resistance to corrosion under the majority of service conditions, and no colored salts are formed to stain adjacent surfaces or discolor products with which it comes into contact, such as fabrics in the textile industry and solutions in chemical equipment. It has no toxic reac
13、tion. It has good electrical and thermal conductivities and high refl ectivity to both heat and light. The metal can easily be worked into any form and readily accepts a wide variety of surface fi nishes.Lightness is one of aluminums most useful characteristics. The specifi c gravity is about 2.7. T
14、he mass (“weight”) of aluminum is roughly 35 percent that of iron and 30 percent that of copper.Commercially pure aluminum has a tensile strength of about 90 megapascals. Thus its usefulness as a structural material in this form is somewhat limited. By working the metal, as by cold rolling, its stre
15、ngth can be approximately doubled. Much larger increases in strength can be obtained by alloying aluminum with small percentages of one or more other elements such as manganese, silicon, copper, magnesium or zinc. Like pure aluminum, the alloys are also made stronger by cold working. Some of the all
16、oys are further strengthened and hardened by heat treatments so that today aluminum alloys having tensile strengths approaching 700 megapascals are available. A wide variety of mechanical characteristics, or tempers, is available in aluminum alloys through various combinations of cold work and heat
17、treatment. In specifying the temper for any given product, the fabricating process and the amount of cold work to which it will subject the metal should be kept in mind. In other words, the temper specifi ed should be such that the amount of cold work the metal will receive during fabrication will d
18、evelop the desired characteristics in the fi nished products.Aluminum and its alloys lose part of their strength at elevated temperatures, although some alloys retain good strength at temperatures from 200C to 260C. At subzero temperatures, however, their strength increases without loss of ductility
19、, so that aluminum is a particularly useful metal for low-temperature applications. When aluminum surfaces are exposed to the atmosphere, a thin invisible oxide skin forms immediately, which protects the metal from further oxidation. This self-protecting characteristic gives aluminum its high resist
20、ance to corrosion. Unless exposed to some substance or condition that destroys this protective oxide coating, the metal remains fully protected against corrosion. Aluminum is highly resistant to weathering, even in industrial atmospheres that often corrode other metals. It is also corrosion resistan
21、t to many acids. Alkalis are among the few substances that attack the oxide skin and therefore characteristics/general information1-2 November, 2013The ease with which aluminum may be fabricated into any form is one of its most important assets. Often it can compete successfully with cheaper materia
22、ls having a lower degree of workability. The metal can be cast by any method known to foundrymen; it can be rolled to any desired thickness down to foil thinner than paper; aluminum sheet can be stamped, drawn, spun or roll-formed. The metal also may be hammered or forged. Aluminum wire, drawn from
23、rolled rod, may be stranded into cable of any desired size and type. There is almost no limit to the different profi les in which the metal may be extruded.The ease and speed with which aluminum may be machined is one of the important factors contributing to the low cost of fi nished aluminum parts.
24、 The metal may be turned, milled, bored, or machined in other manners at the maximum speeds of which the majority of machines are capable. Another advantage of its fl exible machining characteristics is that aluminum rod and bar may readily be employed in the highspeed manufacture of parts by automa
25、tic screw machines.Almost any method of joining is applicable to aluminum: riveting, welding, brazing or soldering. A wide variety of mechanical aluminum fasteners simplifi es the assembly of many products. Adhesive bonding of aluminum parts is widely employed, particularly in joining aircraft compo
26、nents.For the majority of applications, aluminum needs no protective coating. Mechanical fi nishes such as polishing, sand blasting or wire brushing meet the majority of needs. In many instances, the surface fi nish supplied is entirely adequate without further fi nishing. Where the plain aluminum s
27、urface does not suffi ce, or where additional protection is required, any of a wide variety of surface fi nishes may be applied. Chemical, electrochemical and paint fi nishes are all used. Many colors are available in both chemical and electrochemical fi nishes. If paint, lacquer or enamel is used,
28、any color possible with these fi nishes may be applied. Vitreous enamels have been developed for aluminum, and the metal may also be electroplated.Aluminum sheet, because of its superior corrosion resistance and smooth continuous surface, is an excellent base for the high quality paints used in prod
29、ucing painted sheet. The chemical pretreatment plus the application of high quality thermally cured paint assures a fi nish that will exhibit no cracking, blistering, or peeling. Accidental damage to products made of painted aluminum sheet will not result in unsightly rust areas or streaks. Experien
30、ce has shown that paint in the quality used for this product, properly formulated, applied and cured, will show little change in color or loss of gloss after one years service in the adverse climatic conditions of south-central Florida. Highly industrialized areas may cause some color change due to
31、atmospheric contaminants.Proper maintenance can extend the service life considerablyeven the finest automobiles require occasional washing and polishing if they are to retain their original appearance.Even after many years of service most advantages of the painted sheet remain. It can be repainted w
32、ith any good grade of house paint with no danger of cracking or peeling, such as is often experienced when paint is applied to other types of base materials. Painted sheet and the products made from it should be handled with care to avoid damage to the paint fi lm. Repair of large damaged areas is n
33、ot recommended, but for repair of small areas air drying touch-up paint intended for brush application is available from paint suppliers. Your painted sheet supplier should be contacted for precise information. This touch-up paint cannot be expected to exhibit the same weathering and other character
34、istics as the original painted sheet, and touched-up areas will present appearance differences after weather exposure. For this reason, use of touch-up paint should be held to a minimum.Many types of paint systems are used, and it is diffi cult to establish reasonable and meaningful standards for al
35、l of them. Specifi c applications require consideration of life expectancy, forming requirements and methods, economics, and so forth. Paint systems generally in use exhibit general characteristics as shown on pages 7-31 to 7-33, but for specifi c applications consult the painted sheet supplier.Thes
36、e are the characteristics that give aluminum its extreme versatility. In the majority of applications, two or more of these characteristics come prominently into play for example, light weight combined with strength in airplanes, railroad cars, trucks and other transportation equipment. High resista
37、nce to corrosion and high thermal conductivity are important in equipment for the chemical and petroleum industries; these properties combine with nontoxicity for food processing equipment.Attractive appearance together with high resistance to weathering and low maintenance requirements have led to
38、extensive use in buildings of all types. High refl ectivity, excellent weathering characteristics, and light weight are all important in roofi ng materials. Light weight contributes to low handling and shipping costs, whatever the application.Many applications require the extreme versatility that on
39、ly aluminum has. Almost daily its unique combination of properties is being put to work in new ways. The metal now serves as a basic raw material for more than 20,000 businesses scattered throughout the country. 1-3November, 2013Alloy and Temper Designation Systems for Aluminum (ANSI H35.1 / H35.1(M
40、)-2013)Information Note: The Aluminum Association is the registrar under ANSI H35.1 / H35.1(M) with respect to the designation and composition of aluminum alloys and tempers registered in the United States, and is also the registrar under an international accord on the composition and designation of
41、 registered wrought aluminum alloys. Since there is no international accord on designation and registration of tempers for wrought aluminum alloys and wrought aluminum alloy products, reference to ANSI H35.1 / H35.1(M) properties and characteristics of wrought aluminum alloy tempers registered with
42、the Aluminum Association under ANSI H35.1 / H35.1(M) may not always refl ect actual properties and characteristics associated with the particular aluminum alloy temper. The user may wish to confi rm that expected properties denoted by specifi c temper designation(s) are furnished.NOTE: The user of t
43、his Aluminum Standards and Data manual should be aware that the alloy and temper designation systems, as reprinted from ANSI H35.1 / H35.1(M), are those in effect at the time of this manuals publication but are subject to supersession by subsequent revisions of this ANSI standard as it is updated.ge
44、neral information/alloy designation1. ScopeThis standard provides systems for designating wrought aluminum and wrought aluminum alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys in the form of cast ings and foundry ingot, and the tempers in which aluminum and aluminum alloy wrought products and aluminum alloy ca
45、stings are pro duced. Specifi c limits for chemical compositions and for mechanical and physical properties to which conformance is required are provided by applicable product standards.NOTE: A numerical designation assigned in conformance with this stan dard should only be used to indicate an alumi
46、num or an aluminum alloy having chemical composi-tion limits identical to those registered with The Alumi-num Association and, for wrought aluminum and wrought aluminum alloys, with the signatories of the Declaration of Accord on an International Alloy Designation System for Wrought Aluminum and Wro
47、ught Aluminum Alloys.2. Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Designation System Q W E R qA system of four-digit numerical designations is used to identify wrought aluminum and wrought aluminum alloys. The fi rst digit indicates the alloy group as follows:Q Chemical composition limits and designations
48、 conforming to this standard for wrought aluminum and wrought aluminum alloys, and aluminum and aluminum alloy castings and foundry ingot may be registered with The Aluminum Association provided: (1) the aluminum or aluminum alloy is offered for sale, (2) the complete chemical composition limits are
49、 registered, and (3) the composition is signifi cantly different from that of any aluminum or aluminum alloy for which a numerical designation already has been assigned.W For codifi cation purposes an alloying element is any element that is intentionally added for any purpose other than grain refi nement and for which minimum and maximum limits are specifi ed.E Standard limits for alloying elements and impurities are expressed to the following places:Less than 0.001 percent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000X0.001 but . . . . . . .
