1、Report on the Measurement of Fresh State Properties and Fiber Dispersion of Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 544ACI 544.2R-17First PrintingMay 2017ISBN: 978-1-945487-64-4Report on the Measurement of Fresh State Properties and Fiber Dispersion of Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteCopyright b
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11、standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgThis report outlines existing procedures for test
12、ing and measuring fresh state performance and fiber dispersion in fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). As for the former, test methods applicable to both ordinary vibrated FRC and fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete (FR-SCC) are reviewed. Methods for nondestructive moni-toring of fiber dispersi
13、on and orientation in FRC materials and structures are also presented and their pros and cons addressed.Keywords: fiber dispersion; fiber-reinforced concrete; fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete; fresh state performance; nondestructive testing.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.
14、1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope, p. 2CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 22.1Notation, p. 22.2Definitions, p. 3CHAPTER 3FRESH STATE PROPERTIES, p. 33.1Sampling, unit weight, yield, and air content, p. 33.2Workability and fresh state performance, p. 33.3Rheometer tests, p. 8Barzin Mobasher*, ChairNeven
15、 Krstulovic-Opara, SecretaryClifford N. MacDonald, Membership SecretaryACI 544.2R-17Report on the Measurement of Fresh State Properties and Fiber Dispersion of Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 544Corina-Maria AldeaEmmanuel K. AttiogbeMehdi BakhshiNemkumar BanthiaJoaquim Oliveria Ba
16、rrosAmir BonakdarAmanda C. Bordelon*Jean-Philippe CharronXavier Destree*Ashish DubeyMahmut EkenelLiberato FerraranullGregor D. FischerDean P. Forgeron*Emilio Garcia TaenguaRishi Gupta*Heidi HelminkGeorge C. HoffMarco InvernizziJohn JonesDavid A. LangeMichael A. MahoneyBruno MassicotteJames MilliganN
17、icholas C. Mitchell Jr.Jeffrey L. NovakGiovanni A. PlizzariKlaus Alexander RiederPierre RossiSteve SchaefSurendra P. ShahFlavio de Andrade Silva*Luca SorelliThomas E. West Jr.Kay WilleRobert C. ZellersConsulting MembersP. N. BalaguruHiram Price Ball Jr.Gordon B. BatsonArnon BenturAnderzej M. BrandtJ
18、ames I. DanielSidney FreedmanChristian MeyerHenry J. MolloyAntoine E. NaamanVenkataswamy Ramakrishnan*Members of subcommittee who contributed to the document.nullChair of the Subcommittee C who developed the document.The committee would like to thank R. Lequense and M. Porter for their contributions
19、 to this report.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendat
20、ions and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be
21、made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 544.2R-17 supersedes ACI 544.2R-89 and was adopted and published May
22、2017.Copyright 2017, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduct
23、ion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.1CHAPTER 4FIBER DISPERSION AND ORIENTATION, p. 114.1General, p. 114.2Destructive method, p. 134.3Nondestructive methods, p. 13CHAPTER 5CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY OF TEST
24、 METHODS, p. 17CHAPTER 6REFERENCES, p. 17Authored documents, p. 18CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThe use of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) has evolved from experimental small-scale applications to routine factory and field applications involving the use of tens of millions of cubic y
25、ards (meters) each year globally. This has created a need to review existing test methods and, where necessary, develop new methods for determining the fresh and hard-ened properties of FRC that may be of interest for different engineering applications and may be required at different stages of the
26、design, construction, and maintenance process. These methods are presented in an effort to standardize test procedures and equipment, and also to ensure that test results from different sources can be compared effectively. Whereas it is recognized that the use of procedures and equipment other than
27、those discussed in this report may be employed because of past practices or availability of equip-ment, the use of standard tests facilitates the comparison of information, promotes the development or broadening of the data base needed to consistently quantify properties of the various types of FRC,
28、 and is preferable to nonstandard vari-ants. Such data are also instrumental in developing consis-tent and internationally recognized design procedures that are based on standard measurements of relevant properties of the material, as well as in formulating reliable perfor-mance criteria to classify
29、 and accept the material.Although most of the test methods described in this report were developed initially for steel FRC (SFRC), they are also applicable to concretes reinforced with glass, polymeric, and natural fibers, except when noted.As the applications of FRC are being expanded and new fiber
30、s are introduced to the market, some existing test methods may be found insufficient or unable to provide meaningful data. Therefore, changes can be applied and, in these instances, care taken in consideration of the issues of repeatability and reproducibility of test results. Repeatability is defin
31、ed as the variability among replicate test results obtained on the same material within a single laboratory or job site by one operator. Reproducibility refers to variability among test results obtained on the same material in different laboratories, job sites, or both. Regarding reproducibility, us
32、ers are advised to carefully check the applicability of the test methods, both in lab conditions and in the field, as differences may exist between them.1.2ScopeThis report applies to the measurement of fresh state and fiber-dispersion properties of both conventionally mixed and placed (vibrated) FR
33、C and fiber-reinforced self-consol-idating concrete (FR-SCC) using steel, glass, polymeric carbon, minerals (such as basalt), and natural fibers.The test methods reported herein are also applicable to ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). It is worth remarking that, generally, UHPC does not contai
34、n coarse aggregates and is employed in combination with reduced or no amounts of conventional reinforcement. In view of this, care should be taken in assessing the significance of the results, as far as the consistency is concerned, of the volume of material employed in the tests with reference to t
35、he heterogeneity scale of the mixture (maximum aggregate size, maximum fiber length). Moreover, passing ability tests, such as the ones reviewed in 3.2.2, may also provide infor-mation of limited significance.This report does not relate to thin glass FRC or mortar products produced by the spray-up p
36、rocess. The Prestressed Concrete Institute (1981), International Glassfibre Rein-forced Concrete Association (2016a,b), and ASTM C1116/C1116M contain recommendations for test methods for these spray-up materials.Measurement of the properties of fiber-reinforced shot-crete (FRS) that contain the afor
37、ementioned fiber types can be performed using the test methods described herein. Special procedures may be required to cast specimens or obtain them from existing structures, as well as to measure properties specific to shotcreting technology. Relevant provisions can be found in ACI 506.2.CHAPTER 2N
38、OTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1Notationc = clear gap spacing in L-box testdf= fiber diameter, in. (mm)dmax= maximum diameter of the flow spread in J-ring test, in. (mm)dperp= diameter measured perpendicular to the maximum diameter dmaxin J-ring test, in. (mm)lf= fiber length, in. (mm)R = electrical resis
39、tivity of fiber-reinforced concrete or fiber-reinforced cementitious composite, ohmRm= electrical resistivity of the parent plain concrete (matrix), ohmT20orT500= time for the flow spread to reach a diameter of 20 in. (500 mm) in slump flow test, s (in European literature, it has been referenced as
40、T50, where 50 represents the threshold diameter in cm)Tfinal= time for the flow spread to reach the final slump-flow diameter in slump flow test, sTV= V-funnel flow time, that is, time for the fluid concrete filling the funnel to completely come out once the nozzle of the funnel is opened, sVf= fibe
41、r volume fraction (generally expressed in percent) = filling capacity in filling box testAmerican Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 REPORT ON MEASUREMENTS OF FRESH STATE PROPERTIES AND FIBER DISPERSION OF FRC (ACI 544.2R-17)dotnosp= shear strain rate, applied to a fluid (in a
42、 rheometer test), s1 = plastic viscosity (in Bingham fluid model), that is, resistance of the fluid (concrete) to flow once the value of the yield stress has been overcome, psis (Pas) = electrical conductivity of fiber-reinforced concrete or fiber-reinforced cementitious composite inverse of R (Siem
43、ens)fiber = intrinsic conductivity of fiber (Siemens)m= electrical resistivity of the parent plain concrete (matrix) inverse of Rm = shear stress applied to a fluid (in a rheometer test), psi (Pa)0= yield stress, that is, value of the shear stress that has to be overcome for the fluid (concrete) to
44、start flowing (in Bingham fluid model), psi (Pa)2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” https:/www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=CT13. Definitions provided herein complement that source.dynamic segregationi
45、n a fluid concrete flow, sepa-ration of concrete constituents along the flow direction as a function of their specific gravity (heavier constituents tend to lag behind because of insufficient viscosity of the suspending phase to drag them ahead).fiber aspect ratioratio of the length to the diameter
46、of one single fiber or fiber filament.fiber volume fractiontotal fiber volume in a unit volume of concrete (generally expressed as a percentage).fiber factorproduct between the fiber volume fraction and the fiber aspect ratio.specific surface areatotal lateral surface area of a unit mass quantity of
47、 a given powder type/granular material or assortment of materials; it depends on the grain size distribu-tion of the particles and on the specific gravity of the material.static segregationseparation, in a fluid concrete mixture when at rest, of its constituents, as a function of their relative spec
48、ific gravity (heavier constituents tend to settle because of insufficient yield stress of the suspending phase to hold them in suspension).CHAPTER 3FRESH STATE PROPERTIES3.1Sampling, unit weight, yield, and air contentTo perform the tests described in this chapter to measure the fresh state properti
49、es of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC), the sampling procedures outlined in ASTM C172/C172M and EN 12350-1 for conventional concrete should be applied.Similarly, standard test equipment and procedures used for conventional concrete can be employed for determining the air content, yield, and unit weight of FRC (ASTM C138/C138M; ASTM C173/C173M; ASTM C231/C231M; EN 12350-6; EN 12350-7). Because of the alteration in fiber dispersion and orientation that may result from specimen preparation, the specimen molds should be filled in one lift. Co
