1、ACI 439.4R-09Reported by ACI Committee 439Report on Steel ReinforcementMaterial Properties andU.S. AvailabilityReport on Steel ReinforcementMaterial Properties and U.S. AvailabilityFirst PrintingOctober 2009ISBN 978-0-87031-348-6American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the
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10、 ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 439.4R-09 supersedes ACI 439.4R-
11、89 and was adopted and published October2009.Copyright 2009, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or r
12、ecording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission inwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.439.4R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, and Commentariesare intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing,and
13、 inspecting construction. This document is intended for theuse of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendationsand who will accept responsibility for the application of thematerial it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaimsan
14、y and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Instituteshall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents
15、, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Report on Steel ReinforcementMaterial Properties and U.S. AvailabilityReported by ACI Committee 439ACI 439.4R-09The material properties of the various types of steel reinforcementproduced for use in the United S
16、tates are described. Types of steel reinforce-ment defined in this report include deformed reinforcing bars, plain anddeformed wire, welded wire reinforcement, bar mats, and prestressingreinforcement. The requirements, restrictions, and testing information ofthe pertinent ASTM specifications are rev
17、iewed. The availability of thevarious types and sizes of reinforcement in the U. S. is discussed.Keywords: bend tests; bending (reinforcing steels); deformed reinforcement;deformed reinforcing bars; ductility; material properties; prestressingsteels; reinforced concrete; reinforcing steels; specific
18、ations; spiralreinforcement; tensile strength; welded reinforcement grids; welded wirefabric; welded wire reinforcement; yield strength.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 439.4R-21.1Introduction1.2ScopeChapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 439.4R-22.1Notation2.2DefinitionsChapter 3Reinforci
19、ng bars, p. 439.4R-23.1Introduction3.2Material properties3.3Availability3.4Welding3.5Material testing3.6Spirals and mats3.7Corrosion protection productsJoseph A. Bohinsky Paul S. Fredrickson Peter Meza Mario A. RodriguezDomingo J. Carreira*Todd R. Hawkinson Theodore A. Mize*Philip E. RossAugusta Car
20、roll Steven H. Holdsworth Conrad Paulson Clifford A. SaboLouis J. Colarusso Allen J. Hulshizer Ryan W. Pelter Robert G. SmithDavid H. DeValve Harry B. Lancelot, III Richard A. Ramsey Dyke W. StarnesGustav G. ErlemannKenneth A. Luttrell Roy H. Reiterman Kenneth W. WilliamsonSalem S. Faza LeRoy A. Lut
21、z*Robert C. Richardson William H. Zehrt, Jr.Anthony L. Felder*A. Murray Lount*Subcommittee members who produced this report.Deceased.Mark. D. MarvinChairWilliam C. GallenzSecretary439.4R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 4Plain and deformed wire, p. 439.4R-104.1Introduction4.2Material properties4.3Wire
22、size designation4.4Availability4.5Corrosion protection productsChapter 5Welded wire reinforcement,p. 439.4R-115.1Introduction5.2Material properties5.3Higher-strength welded wire reinforcement5.4Welded wire reinforcement styles5.5Availability5.6Minimum quantity requirements5.7Corrosion protection pro
23、ductsChapter 6Prestressing reinforcement,p. 439.4R-136.1Introduction6.2Material properties6.3Availability6.4Corrosion protection products6.5Other prestressing reinforcementChapter 7Developments in reinforcing steel,p. 439.4R-177.1High relative rib area reinforcing bars7.2Low-carbon, chromium steel r
24、einforcing barsChapter 8References, p. 439.4R-188.1Referenced standards and reports8.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThe material properties of the various types of steelreinforcement produced for use in the U.S. are described.Types of steel reinforcement defined in th
25、is report includedeformed reinforcing bars, plain and deformed wire, weldedwire reinforcement, bar mats, and prestressing reinforcement.The requirements, restrictions, and testing information ofpertinent ASTM specifications are reviewed. The availabilityof the various types and sizes of reinforcemen
26、t in the U.S.is discussed.1.2ScopeRequirements for reinforcement are stated in Section 3.5.1of ACI 318-08 as: “Reinforcement shall be deformed reinforce-ment, except that plain reinforcement shall be permittedfor spirals or prestressing steel.” Deformed reinforcementis defined in Section 2.2 of ACI
27、318-08 as: “Deformedreinforcing bars, bar mats, deformed wire, welded wirereinforcement conforming to Section 3.5.3.” This reportexcludes discussion of structural steel, steel pipe, steeltubing, steel fibers, expanded metal, and fiber-reinforcedpolymers (FRP) and other nonmetallic reinforcement.This
28、 report describes these types of steel reinforcement interms of availability and material properties, expressed ininch-pound units and metric units. The special requirementsof ACI 349 and 359 are also discussed. American Associa-tion of State Highway and Transportation Officials(AASHTO) requirements
29、 (2002, 2004) are not discussed inthis report because they generally follow ACI 318.CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1NotationThere is no notation used in this document.2.2Definitionscompacted strandprestressing strand that is drawnthrough a circular die deforming the wires to produce astrand with
30、 a smaller circular shape.indented strandprestressing strand in which the outerwires have small indentations to permit more rapid transferof strand force to the concrete.See ACI CT, Concrete Terminology, for definitions atthe ACI Web site, http:/www.concrete.org/Technical/CCT/FlashHelp/ACI_Terminolo
31、gy.htm.CHAPTER 3REINFORCING BARS3.1IntroductionReinforcing bars are the most popular type of nonprestressedreinforcing steel used in concrete construction. Approximately10 million tons of reinforcing bars are used in the U.S.every year. Nearly all reinforced concrete construction,including precast a
32、nd prestressed structures, requires somereinforcing bars.Most of the reinforcing bars used in construction aredeformed bars; that is, the bars have deformations to enhancethe bond of the steel to the surrounding concrete. Limits onthe deformation dimensions, such as the minimum deformationheight and
33、 maximum deformation spacing, are prescribed inASTM specifications. Plain reinforcing bars, which do nothave deformations, are only permitted by ACI 318 for spiralreinforcement as used in reinforced concrete columns.3.2Material propertiesThe mechanical property requirements, chemical composi-tion re
34、strictions, and other requirements of the ASTM spec-ifications for reinforcing bars are summarized in Tables3.1 through 3.3. Reinforcing bars are primarily a hot-rolledproduct. The bars are manufactured by a steel mill usingelectric-arc furnaces to melt scrap steel to produce billets.These billets a
35、re then heated and passed through a series ofrolls to make reinforcing bars. The deformations are formedon the bars during the final pass through the rolls.Most of the properties of reinforcing bars of interest to theArchitect/Engineer are defined by ASTM specifications.The significance of certain p
36、roperties as defined by ASTM,however, is not readily apparent, and some special propertiesrelated to structural design are not defined by ASTM. Therefore,a brief review of the significance of various mechanicalproperties on structural design is appropriate. Plots of idealizedstress-strain curves for
37、 ASTM A615 and ASTM A706reinforcing bars are shown for two strain ranges in Fig. 3.1.Of prime importance in structural design is the yieldstrength of nonprestressed reinforcement. ACI 318 requiresdetermination of yield strengths over 60 ksi (420 MPa) at aREPORT ON STEEL REINFORCEMENTMATERIAL PROPERT
38、IES AND U.S. AVAILABILITY 439.4R-3Table 3.1Summary of minimum ASTM strength requirements for reinforcing steelMaterialASTMspecification Grade designationMinimum yield strength,psi (MPa)Minimum tensile strength,psi (MPa)Reinforcing barsA615/A615MGrade 40 (280)Grade 60 (420)Grade 75 (520)40,000 (280)6
39、0,000 (420)75,000 (520)60,000 (420)90,000 (620)100,000 (690) A706/A706M Grade 60 (420)60,000 (420)78,000 (540) maximum80,000 (550)*Stainless steel reinforcing bars A955/A955MGrade 40 (300)Grade 60 (420)Grade 75 (520)40,000 (300)60,000 (420)75,000 (520)70,000 (500)90,000 (620)100,000 (690)Low-carbon
40、chromiumsteel reinforcing barsA1035/A1035MGrade 100 (690)Grade 120 (830)100,000 (690)120,000 (830)150,000 (1030)150,000 (1030)Deformed bar mats A184/A184M Same as reinforcing barsZinc-coated (galvanized) bars A767/A767M Same as reinforcing barsEpoxy-coated barsA775/A775MA934/A934MSame as reinforcing
41、 barsWireplain A82/A82M 70,000 (485) 80,000 (550)Wiredeformed A496/A496M 75,000 (515) 85,000 (585)Welded wirePlain (W1.2 (MW8) and larger)(smaller than W1.2 (MW8)A185/A185M65,000 (450)56,000 (385)75,000 (515)70,000 (485)Deformed A497/A497M 70,000 (485) 80,000 (550)Epoxy-coated wire/welded wire A884/
42、A884M Same as wire or welded wire Stainless steel wire/welded wire A1022/A1022M Same as wire or welded wireSeven-wire strand for prestressingA416/A416MGrade 250 (stress-relieved) 212,500 (1465) 250,000 (1725)Grade 250 (low-relaxation) 225,000 (1555) 250,000 (1725)Grade 270 (stress-relieved) 229,500
43、(1580) 270,000 (1860)Grade 270 (low-relaxation) 243,000 (1675) 270,000 (1860)Wire for prestressing A421/A421MStress-relieved199,750 to 212,500 (1377 to 1465)235,000 to 250,000 (1620 to 1725)Low-relaxation211,500 to 225,000 (1460 to 1550)235,000 to 250,000 (1620 to 1725)Bars for prestressing A722/A72
44、2MType I (plain) 127,500 (880) 150,000 (1035)Type II (deformed) 120,000 (830) 150,000 (1035)Compacted strand for prestressingA779/A779MGrade 245 (stress-relieved) 213,200 (1480) 245,000 (1700)Grade 245 (low-relaxation) 220,500 (1530) 245,000 (1700)Grade 260 (stress-relieved) 226,200 (1565) 260,000 (
45、1800)Grade 260 (low-relaxation) 234,000 (1620) 260,000 (1800)Grade 270 (stress-relieved) 234,900 (1620) 270,000 (1860)Grade 270 (low-relaxation) 243,000 (1675) 270,000 (1860)Epoxy-coated seven-wire strand for prestressingA882/A882M Same as seven-wire strandSeven-wire indented strand for prestressing
46、A886/A886MGrade 250I (1725I)(stress-relieved)212,500 (1465) 250,000 (1725)Grade 250I (1725I)(low-relaxation)225,000 (1550) 250,000 (1725)Grade 270I (1860I)(stress-relieved)229,500 (1580) 270,000 (1860)Grade 270I (1860I)(low-relaxation)243,000 (1675) 270,000 (1860)Two- and three-wire strand for prest
47、ressingA910/A910MGrade 250(stress-relieved)212,500 (1465) 250,000 (1725)Grade 250(low-relaxation)225,000 (1550) 250,000 (1725)Grade 270(stress-relieved)229,500 (1580) 270,000 (1860)Grade 270(low-relaxation)243,000 (1675) 270,000 (1860)*But not less than 1.25 times the actual yield strength.Minimum s
48、trength depends on wire sizes and type.Not listed in ACI 318.439.4R-4 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTTable 3.2ASTM mechanical property requirements for reinforcing barsType of steel and ASTM designationGradedesignationMinimum yield strength, psi (MPa)*Minimum tensile strength, psi (MPa)Range of bar size design
49、ationMinimum percentage of elon-gation in 8 in. (203.2 mm)Pin diameter for bend test(db= nominal diameter of bar)Carbon,A615/A615M40 (280) 40,000 (280) 60,000 (420)3 (10) 113-1/2db4 (13)125 (16)6 (19) 5db60 (420) 60,000 (420) 90,000 (620)3 (10)93-1/2db4 (13)5 (16)6 (19)5db7 (22)88 (25)9 (29)77db10 (32)11 (36)14 (43) (90 degrees)9db18 (57)75 (520) 75,000 (520) 100,000 (690)6 (19)7 5db7 (22)8 (25)9 (29)67db10 (32)11 (36)14 (43) (90 degrees)9db18 (57)Low-alloy,A706/A706M60 (420)60,000 minimum (420)78,000 maximum (54
