1、Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic CementsReported by ACI Committee 225ACI 225R-16First PrintingSeptember 2016ISBN: 978-1-945487-16-3Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic CementsCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may
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11、rete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgCement is the most active component of concrete and usually has the greatest unit cost; therefore, its selection and proper use is imperative to
12、attaining the desired balance of properties and cost for a particular concrete mixture. Selection should include consid-eration of the cement properties in relation to the required perfor-mance of the concrete. This guide covers the influence of cement on the properties of concrete, summarizing the
13、composition and avail-ability of commercial hydraulic cements and the factors affecting their performance in concrete. It includes a discussion of cement types, a brief review of cement chemistry, the influences of chem-ical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials, and the effects of the
14、 environment on cement performance, and reviews the sustainability aspects for the use and manufacture of port-land cement. Cement storage, delivery, sampling, and testing of hydraulic cements for conformance to specifications are addressed. Users will learn to recognize when a readily available, ge
15、neral-purpose cement will perform satisfactorily or when conditions require selection of a cement that meets additional requirements.Keywords: admixture; blended cement; calcium-aluminate cement; cement storage; cement types; chemical analysis; hydraulic cement; pozzolan; physical properties; portla
16、nd cement; slag cement; supplemental cementi-tious materials; sustainability.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introduction, p. 21.2Scope, p. 2CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 32.1Notation, p. 32.2Definitions, p. 3CHAPTER 3CEMENT TYPES, AVAILABILITY, AND SELECTION, p. 33.1Portland
17、 and blended hydraulic cements, p. 33.2Special-purpose, p. 43.3Research and development, p. 53.4Rational approach to selection, p. 5CHAPTER 4CEMENT CHEMISTRY, p. 84.1Portland cement, p. 84.2Blended hydraulic, p. 114.3Shrinkage-compensating expansive, p. 114.4Calcium-aluminate, p. 11CHAPTER 5INFLUENC
18、E OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES, POZZOLANS, AND SLAG CEMENTS ON CEMENTITIOUS SYSTEMS, p. 125.1Air-entraining admixtures, p. 125.2Other chemical admixtures, p. 125.3nullPozzolans, p. 14Jay E. Whitt, Chair Thomas J. Grisinger, SecretaryACI 225R-16Guide to the Selection and Use of Hydraulic CementsReported by
19、 ACI Committee 225Gregory S. BargerClaude BedardGlen E. BollinMichael M. ChehabMarwan A. DayeJonathan E. DongellThomas M. GreeneMichael S. HammerGeoffrey Hichborn Sr.R. Doug HootonFrancis InnisKenneth G. KazanisKimberly E. KurtisMark R. LukkarilaKirk L. McDonaldLeo M. Meyer, Jr.Moncef L. NehdiJames
20、S. PierceNicholas J. PopoffBryce P. SimonsOscar TavaresPaul D. TennisJames I. Turici, Jr.Stephen D. Wilcox*The committee would like to acknowledge B. Blair and M. D. A. Thomas for their contributions in the development of this guide.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for gu
21、idance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it cont
22、ains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Arch
23、itect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 225R-16 supersedes ACI 225R-99 and was adopted and published September 2016.Copyright 2016, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including ri
24、ghts of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission
25、in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.15.4Slag cements, p. 15CHAPTER 6INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON THE HYDRATION OF CEMENTS, p. 156.1Water requirements, p. 156.2Temperature effects, p. 156.3Composition, p. 15CHAPTER 7INFLUENCE OF CEMENT ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES, p. 157.1The
26、rmal cracking, p. 157.2Placeability, p. 177.3Strength, p. 177.4Volume stability, p. 187.5Elastic properties, p. 197.6Creep, p. 207.7Permeability, p. 207.8Corrosion of embedded steel, p. 207.9Resistance to freezing and thawing, p. 217.10Resistance to chemical attack, p. 217.11Resistance to high tempe
27、ratures, p. 217.12Cement-aggregate reactions, p. 217.13Color, p. 23CHAPTER 8CEMENT STORAGE AND DELIVERY, p. 238.1Storage, p. 238.2Pack set (sticky cement), p. 248.3Delivery, p. 248.4Contamination and handling, p. 248.5Worker protection, p. 25CHAPTER 9SAMPLING AND TESTING OF HYDRAULIC CEMENTS FOR CON
28、FORMANCE TO SPECIFICATIONS, p. 259.1Cement mill test report, p. 259.2Sealed silos, p. 259.3Cement certification, p. 269.4Quality management, p. 26CHAPTER 10SUSTAINABILITY ASPECTS OF HYDRAULIC CEMENTS, p. 2710.1Hydraulic cements, p. 2710.2Energy consumption, p. 2710.3Use of supplementary cementitious
29、 materials (SCMs) as replacement for portland cement, p. 2810.4Use of cement in concrete, p. 2810.5Recycled raw materials as raw feed in the manufac-ture of portland cement, p. 2810.6Alternate fuels, p. 2810.7Combustion emissions, p. 2910.8Recent progress and strategy, p. 29CHAPTER 11REFERENCES, p.
30、29Authored documents, p. 30APPENDIX ACALCIUM-ALUMINATE CEMENTS, p. 34A.1Manufacture and properties, p. 34A.2Influences of admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials, p. 34A.3Influence of environment, p. 34A.4Heat of hydration, p. 34A.5Setting characteristics, p. 34A.6Strength, p. 35A.7Resis
31、tance to chemical attack, p. 35A.8Resistance to high temperatures, p. 36CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThis guide assists specifiers and designers in choosing appropriate cement for specified concrete applications. Although hydraulic cements are only one ingredient of a concrete mixtu
32、re, they are the active ingredient and, there-fore, play a key role in the long-term viability of the struc-ture, floor, or pavement. Cement choice depends on many variables, such as the service conditions for which the concrete is designed, properties of other materials used in the mixture, or the
33、performance characteristics of the concrete required during or shortly after placement.Cement paste is the binder in concrete or mortar that holds the fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, or other constituents together in a hardened mass. The term “hydraulic” in this guide refers to the basic mechanism
34、 by which the hardening of the cement takes placea chemical reaction between the cement and water. The term also differentiates hydraulic cement from binder systems that are based on other hardening mechanisms, as hydraulic cements can harden underwater.Concrete properties depend on the quantities a
35、nd quali-ties of its constituents. Because cement is the most active component of concrete and usually has the greatest unit cost, its selection and proper use are fundamental in obtaining the most economical balance of properties desired for a partic-ular concrete mixture. Most cements will provide
36、 adequate levels of strength and durability for general use. Some provide higher levels of certain properties than are needed in specific applications.1.2ScopeThis guide summarizes information about the composi-tion, availability, and factors affecting the performance of commercial hydraulic cements
37、. It also provides information regarding:a) Cement selection, whether a cement is readily avail-able, and if conditions require a general-purpose cement or a special cementb) How the chemical and physical characteristics of a cement can affect certain properties of concretec) How interaction of ceme
38、nts with various additives, admixtures, and mixture designs can affect concreteThis guide only deals with hydraulic cements manufac-tured under North American standards (ASTM International, American Association of State Highway and Transportation American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.
39、concrete.org2 GUIDE TO THE SELECTION AND USE OF HYDRAULIC CEMENTS (ACI 225R-16)Officials AASHTO, and Canadian Standards Association CSA). For information on other hydraulic cement standards, the user is directed to local specifications and building codes.CHAPTER 2NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS2.1NotationC
40、ement phases referred to throughout this guide follow the cement chemists notations as follows:A = Al2O3C = CaOC= CO2F = Fe2O3H = H2OM = MgOS = SiO2S= SO3tricalcium silicate: 3CaOSiO2= C3Sdicalcium silicate: 2CaOSiO2= C2Stricalcium aluminate: 3CaOAl2O3= C3Atetracalcium aluminoferrite: 4CaOAl2O3Fe2O3
41、= C4AFTricalcium silicate, Ca3SiO5, in conventional notation becomes 3CaOSiO2in oxide notation, or C3S in cement chemists notation. Simple oxides, such as CaO or SiO2, are often written in full.2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an online resource, “ACI Concrete T
42、erminology,” https:/www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=CT16.Equivalent alkali in hydraulic cement is the total of sodium and potassium oxides as calculated from the chem-ical analysis, and using the formula: Na2Oeq = % Na2O + 0.658%K2O (ASTM C219).CHAPTER 3CEMENT TYPES, AVAILABILITY, A
43、ND SELECTIONSelection of cement is an important consideration when proportioning mixtures for specific project requirements and intended use. It is important that the specification for hydraulic cements be appropriate for the project and the hydraulic cements available in the area. Factors such as e
44、xposure conditions and desired properties can often require specific cement types based on the chemistry or physical properties. Specific cements may be available that are designed for applications where performance requirements cannot be achieved with ordinary portland cement.3.1Portland and blende
45、d hydraulic cementsA majority of the cement used for concrete construction in the United States is either portland cement, manufactured to meet the requirements of ASTM C150/C150M, blended hydraulic cement manufactured to meet the requirements of ASTM C595/C595M, or performance-based hydraulic cemen
46、t manufactured to meet the requirements of ASTM C1157/C1157M. Tables 3.1a and 3.1b include basic charac-teristics of these cements as listed in ASTM. Other portland cement specifications can be found in AASHTO M 85 or, for Canada, in CSA-A3001. Blended cements are also speci-fied under the AASHTO M
47、240 requirements. For more on hydraulic cement specifications and selection, refer to 3.4.Portland cements are manufactured by a process that begins by combining a source of lime such as limestone, a source of silica and alumina such as clay, and a source of iron oxide such as iron ore. The properly
48、 proportioned mixture of the raw materials is finely ground and then heated to approximately 2700F (1480C) for the reactions that form cement phases to take place. The product of a cement kiln is portland cement clinker. After cooling, the clinker is ground with calcium sulfate (gypsum); processing
49、additions; and, in many cases, limestone to form a portland cement. Processing additions are organic or inorganic materials used in the manufacture of cements that are added at the finish mill. Their use is governed by ASTM C465. Processing addi-tion rates for portland cements are specified in ASTM C150/C150M. The specific gravity of portland cement will vary slightly depending on the amounts of limestone, gypsum, and inorganic processing addition added to the clinker (for further reference on
