1、Guide for Responsibility in Concrete ConstructionReported by ACI Committee 132ACI 132R-14First PrintingDecember 2014ISBN: 978-0-87031-980-8Guide for Responsibility in Concrete ConstructionCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not b
2、e reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these
3、 documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact ACI via the
4、errata website at http:/concrete.org/Publications/DocumentErrata.aspx. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitation
5、s of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk and accept total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publication
6、 is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect,
7、 incidental, or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific circumstances involved with
8、 its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard to health and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of all regulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including but not limit
9、ed to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) health and safety standards.Participation by governmental representatives in the work of the American Concrete Institute and in the development of Institute standards does not constitute governmental endorsement of ACI or the
10、standards that it develops.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete
11、Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331Phone: +1.248.848.3700Fax: +1.248.848.3701www.concrete.orgThe responsibilities of each party in a concrete construction project should be adequately described in the contracts between the parties, including t
12、he responsibility for the owners project objectives. It is important that the party controlling that process (usually the owner or the owners representative) makes certain that the responsibili-ties of the parties are clear, coordinated, and consistent. Clarity and consistency in the responsibilitie
13、s defined in the contracts will reduce friction in the execution of a construction project, as well as reduce the incidence of legal disputes.This guide identifies and suggests allocation of responsibili-ties to various parties involved in concrete construction in the United States; however, the gui
14、dance presented may be applicable to contractual relationships addressing concrete construction in other parts of the world. This guide can also be useful in assessing existing contractual documents to determine if they are adequate and balanced with respect to responsibilities associated with concr
15、ete construction.In some cases, the responsibilities outlined carry the force of law. In others, there are options that could be incorporated into a particular contract.Keywords: concrete construction; contracts; owner; responsibility.CONTENTSCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE, p. 21.1Introduction, p.
16、21.2Scope, p. 2CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONS, p. 2CHAPTER 3DOCUMENTS REFERENCED IN CONTRACT DOCUMENTS, p. 3CHAPTER 4RESPONSIBILITIES OF OWNER, p. 34.1Project responsibility and authority, p. 34.2Definition of project, p. 44.3Funding for project, p. 44.4Real estate, rights of way, permits, and insurance, p. 4
17、4.5Scope and objectives of project, p. 44.6Project management, p. 44.7Design and construction team, p. 44.8Quality assurance program, p. 44.9Site safety, p. 44.10Environmental regulations, p. 44.11Payment, p. 44.12Project acceptance, p. 44.13Dispute resolution, p. 44.14Multiple prime contracts and c
18、onstruction manage-ment, p. 4CHAPTER 5LICENSED DESIGN PROFESSIONAL, p. 55.1Professional services, p. 55.2Codes and regulations, p. 55.3Coordination, p. 55.4Design calculations, p. 55.5Contract documents, p. 55.6Specifications, p. 55.7Field observation, p. 5Jeffrey W. Coleman, Chair Kevin A. MacDonal
19、d, SecretaryACI 132R-14Guide for Responsibility in Concrete ConstructionReported by ACI Committee 132Dennis C. AhalCasimir J. BognackiKenneth B. BondyJulie K. BuffenbargerBoyd A. ClarkBeverly A. GarnantJames R. HarrisMohammad IqbalCecil L. JonesWilliam M. KlormanColin L. LoboThomas O. MalerkW. Calvi
20、n McCallAmy M. Reineke TrygestadJoseph C. SandersMichael J. SchneiderBenjamin B. TymannWoodward L. VogtGeorge R. WargoACI Committee Reports, Guides, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This document is intended for the use of ind
21、ividuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute
22、 shall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporati
23、on by the Architect/Engineer.ACI 132R-14 was adopted and published December 2014.Copyright 2014, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical d
24、evice, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.15.8Tests and inspections, p. 55.9Owners requirements, p. 55.10Submittals, p. 55.11Formw
25、ork, shoring, reshoring, and temporary structures, p. 65.12Projects with design delegated to contractor, p. 6CHAPTER 6GENERAL CONTRACTOR, p. 66.1Construction, p. 66.2Review contract documents, p. 66.3Subcontractors, p. 66.4Payments, p. 66.5Communication with subcontractors, p. 76.6Preconstruction me
26、eting, p. 76.7Project site maintenance, p. 76.8Qualified personnel, p. 76.9Quality control, p. 7CHAPTER 7DESIGN/BUILDER, p. 77.1Design and construction, p. 77.2Qualified personnel, p. 7CHAPTER 8SUBCONTRACTOR, p. 78.1Construction, p. 78.2Review contract documents, p. 78.3Payments, p. 88.4Contracts, p
27、. 88.5Prescriptive and performance specifications, p. 88.6Safety, p. 8CHAPTER 9SPECIALTY ENGINEERS AND SUBCONTRACTORS, p. 89.1Retention of specialty engineer, p. 89.2Specialty engineer, p. 89.3Specialty subcontractor, p. 8CHAPTER 10CONCRETE MATERIAL SUPPLIER, p. 810.1Concrete mixtures, p. 810.2Consi
28、stent criteria, p. 910.3Contract compliance, p. 9CHAPTER 11TESTING/INSPECTION AGENCY, p. 911.1Contract requirements, p. 911.2Qualifications, p. 911.3Preconstruction meeting, p. 9CHAPTER 12CONSTRUCTION MANAGER, p. 912.1Construction manager, p. 912.2Construction manager at risk, p. 912.3Agent construc
29、tion manager, p. 9CHAPTER 13FAILURE ANALYSIS CONSULTANT, p. 1013.1Independence, p. 1013.2Coordination, p. 1013.3Expertise, p. 1013.4Reliability, p. 1013.5Standards, p. 1013.6Report, p. 10CHAPTER 14MULTIPLE-PRIME CONTRACTOR, p. 1014.1Duties and responsibilities, p. 1014.2Coordination and cooperation,
30、 p. 10CHAPTER 15REFERENCES, p. 10Authored documents, p. 10CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThe responsibilities of each party in a concrete construc-tion project, including the responsibility for the owners project objectives such as (in no particular order) schedule, functionality, and
31、 sustainability, should be adequately described in the contracts between the parties. It is important that the party controlling that process (usually the owner or an owners representative) makes certain that the responsi-bilities of the parties are clear, coordinated, and consistent. Clarity and co
32、nsistency in the responsibilities defined in the contracts will reduce disputes.1.2ScopeThis guide describes the responsibilities of various parties involved in the design and construction of concrete struc-tures in the United States. While the document is primarily directed to projects in the Unite
33、d States, the guidance presented may be applicable to contractual relationships addressing concrete construction in other parts of the world. This guide is not intended to supersede contracts between the parties. If there are inconsistencies between the parties contracts and responsibilities defined
34、 in this guide, then the contracts between the parties govern the relationships and responsibilities. One use of this guide would be to evaluate the balance of the responsibilities associated with concrete construction.CHAPTER 2DEFINITIONSACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through an o
35、nline resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/www.concrete.org/Tools/ConcreteTerminology.aspx. Defi-nitions listed herein compliment that source.agent construction managerperson or entity who enters into a contract with the owner to manage a construction project, and generally does not act as a
36、general contractor.concrete material supplierentity that produces concrete and delivers it to the project in a freshly mixed and unhardened state.construction manager at riskentity or person that enters into a contract with the contractors who perform the work and functions as a general contractor.d
37、esign/builderperson or entity that undertakes a combination of both design and construction for either an entire project or a significant portion of a project.American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Material www.concrete.org2 GUIDE FOR RESPONSIBILITY IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (ACI 132R-14)failure ana
38、lysis consultantperson or entity that inves-tigates failures or alleged deficiencies associated with the design or construction of the work; the quality of construction materials, practices, or both; or all of the aforementioned.general contractorperson or entity identified as such in the agreement
39、and is referred to throughout the contract documents as if singular in number.prime contractorperson or entity that has a contract directly with the owner for a discrete portion of the work, but is not a general contractor; this definition is applicable only when there are more than one entity with
40、such a contract.specialty engineerlicensed design professional retained by a contractor to design a delegated portion of the project.specialty subcontractorperson or entitythat is, contractorwhose scope of work includes the design and construction of a portion of the project.standard of careis that
41、level of skill and competence ordinarily and contemporaneously demonstrated by profes-sionals of the same discipline practicing in the same locale and faced with the same or similar facts and circumstances.subcontractorperson or entitythat is, contractorwhose scope of work includes construction but
42、not design of a contractually defined portion of the project.testing/inspection agencyentity retained to perform tests and inspections required by the contract documents, applicable laws and regulations, or both.CHAPTER 3DOCUMENTS REFERENCED IN CONTRACT DOCUMENTSThere are many types of construction-
43、related documents available to those developing contract documents and constructing concrete projects. These could include codes, ordinances, specifications and standards, sustainable rating systems, reports and guides, industry publications, technical papers, and journal articles. While all of thes
44、e documents can be relied on in the process of the design and construction of a project, only certain of these document types should be incorporated into the project contract documents. Refer-ences to inappropriate external documents can lead to ambi-guities that result in conflicts. This guide disc
45、usses the types of external documents that should and should not be refer-enced in contract documents.Model building codes, such as the International Building Code (International Code Council 2012a), International Green Construction Code (International Code Council 2012b), Building Construction and
46、Safety Code (National Fire Protection Agency 2012), and the International Resi-dential Code (International Code Council 2012c) contain the requirements for design and quality of materials and construction for construction projects. The requirements in these documents are intended to protect the publ
47、ic and set a minimum standard of performance. Lower standards are not permitted. These documents are developed under a consensus process, subject to public review, written in mandatory language, and can be adopted as a law by a juris-diction (a city, county, and state). They establish criteria with
48、which owners must comply. Because they are legally adopted, they apply to a project regardless of whether they are referenced in the project documents. Model codes incor-porate by reference, or by direct incorporation within the body of the model code, the requirements of ACI 318 for concrete constr
49、uction. General statements in specifications or contracts requiring compliance with codes are not appro-priate unless such responsibility is delegated to a specialty subcontractor.One example of this situation would be a statement in a specification that states “the foundation subcontractor shall design and install the footings in accordance with ACI 318.” In this particular case, the foundation subcontractor does not have the experience or the instructions from the owner to ade
