1、 Guide for Ergonomic Container Lashing GUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC CONTAINER LASHING JUNE 2017 American Bureau of Shipping Incorporated by Act of Legislature of the State of New York 1862 2017 American Bureau of Shipping. All rights reserved. ABS Plaza 16855 Northchase Drive Houston, TX 77060 USA Foreword F
2、oreword ABS has produced this Guide for Ergonomic Container Lashing to provide a single source for ergonomic criteria related to container lashing and unlashing operations. Injuries, and sometimes fatalities, related to the lashing and unlashing of containers represent a significant amount of the in
3、cidents that occur onboard container carriers. Container lashing and unlashing is also the cause of many crew member and dockworker near misses (close calls). During the design and construction of container carriers the provision of safe work areas for lashing/unlashing personnel is essential. The p
4、urpose of this Guide and the associated notations are to benefit Owners by facilitating a safer, more ergonomic, working environment. This Guide focuses on the design aspect of lashing access and working location layout and outfitting. It contains requirements addressing the design aspects of IMO ci
5、rcular MSC.1/Circ.1352 (CSS Code Annex 14). The Guide offers two (2) optional notations as follows: ERGO(LASH)-R (Ergonomic Lashing Restricted) ERGO(LASH) (Ergonomic Lashing) The ERGO(LASH)-R notation is applicable to existing container carriers, prescribing requirements based on good ergonomic prac
6、tice, relating to container lashing. It is awarded for compliance with the relevant requirements contained in Section 2 of this Guide. It is considered that it will be more practicable to apply this notations requirements to existing container carriers with the understanding that existing ships are
7、not required to be enlarged or undergo other major structural modifications. The ERGO(LASH) notation is applicable to both existing and new container carriers prescribing enhanced ergonomic requirements based on the design guidelines contained in section 6 (Design) and section 8 (Specialized Contain
8、er Safety Design), except subsection 6.3 (Lashing Systems), of Annex 14 of the Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing (CSS Code) as adopted by MSC.1/Circ.1352. It is awarded for compliance with the relevant requirements contained in Section 2 of this Guide. Research conducted by ABS as
9、 part of the ABS Mariner Safety Research Initiative (MSRI) has shown that leading causes of incidents (injuries and near misses) includes among other things, slips/trips and falls, dropped objects, and incomplete or incorrect lashing/unlashing. To respond to these issues, ABS has used the MSRI data
10、repository to investigate and identify opportunities to improve working conditions for the lashing/unlashing activities on deck by addressing the above areas of concern. The different ergonomic notations can help reduce incidents (injuries and near misses), and improve worker safety and performance.
11、 This Guide becomes effective on the first day of the month of publication. Users are advised to check periodically on the ABS website www.eagle.org to verify that this version of this Guide is the most current. We welcome your feedback. Comments or suggestions can be sent electronically by email to
12、 rsdeagle.org. ii ABSGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC CONTAINER LASHING .2017 Table of Contents GUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC CONTAINER LASHING CONTENTS SECTION 1 General 5 1 Introduction . 5 2 Application and Scope 6 3 Terminology 6 4 Notations . 7 4.1 ERGO(LASH)-R Notation 7 4.2 ERGO(LASH) Notation . 7 5 Documentation 8
13、 5.1 Risk Assessment . 8 5.2 Design Requirements 8 5.3 Results 8 6 Process for Obtaining a Notation 8 7 Alternatives . 9 7.1 General 9 7.2 Other Regulations . 9 7.3 Departures from Criteria 9 SECTION 2 Requirements for Notation 10 1 Introduction . 10 2 Risk Assessment Requirements . 10 2.1 List the
14、Job Steps 10 2.2 Identify Hazards Associated with Each Job Step 11 2.3 Identify Existing Control Measures for Each Hazard . 11 2.4 Performing Risk Analysis and Risk Evaluation 12 3 Design Requirements . 13 3.1 General Provisions 13 3.2 Lashing Position Design (Platforms, Bridges and other Lashing Po
15、sitions) . 13 3.3 Fencing Design . 18 3.4 Ladder and Manhole Design . 19 3.5 Lashing Equipment Design 24 3.6 Lighting Design 24 3.7 Specialized (Reefer) Container Safety Design 26 ABSGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC CONTAINER LASHING .2017 iii TABLE 1 General Provisions 13 TABLE 2 Lashing Position Design . 13 TA
16、BLE 3 Fencing Design . 18 TABLE 4 Ladder and Manhole Design . 20 TABLE 5 Lashing Equipment Design . 24 TABLE 6 Reefer Container Safety Design . 26 FIGURE 1 Sample Risk Matrix with Risk Tolerability Criteria 12 FIGURE 2 Work Area Between Container Stacks 14 FIGURE 3 Lashing Bridge 15 FIGURE 4 Lashing
17、 Platforms on Outboard Stanchions . 16 FIGURE 5 Work Area Between Hatch Covers . 17 FIGURE 6 Fencing Dimensions 19 FIGURE 7 Ladder Dimensions . 21 FIGURE 8 Ladder Access from the Outside of the Lashing Platform 22 FIGURE 9 Ladder Access through the Lashing Platform . 22 FIGURE 10 Lashing Platform Ma
18、nhole Dimensions 23 FIGURE 11 Vertical Ladder Guard Hoops (Ladder Length 3 m (10 ft) 23 SECTION 3 Survey Requirements . 27 1 General . 27 2 Initial Survey During Construction (ERGO(LASH) 27 3 Surveys After Construction (ERGO(LASH)-R and ERGO(LASH) 27 3.1 Initial Survey for Existing Vessels Obtaining
19、 the ERGO(LASH)-R Notation . 27 3.2 Initial Survey for Existing Vessels Obtaining the ERGO(LASH) Notation . 27 3.3 Annual Surveys . 27 3.4 Special Periodical Surveys (ERGO(LASH) 28 3.5 Requirements for Vessel Alterations 28 APPENDIX 1 References 29 APPENDIX 2 Risk Assessment Form Template . 30 iv AB
20、SGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC CONTAINER LASHING .2017 Section 1: General SECTION 1 General 1 Introduction Ergonomics is defined as “the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data,
21、 and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance” (International Ergonomics Association, 2011). Injuries (and sometimes fatalities) related to the lashing and unlashing of containers represent a significant amount of the incidents that occur onboard contain
22、er carriers in port. These incidents occur to both permanent crew members and also to dockyard workers engaged in the container securing operations. Container lashing and unlashing has also been the cause of many crew member and dockworker near misses (close calls). Container lashing is a strenuous,
23、 high risk, and dangerous activity. During lashing and unlashing activities, containers are secured to the ship by means of lashing rods, turnbuckles, twist-locks, and other lashing equipment. Lashing equipment limits container movement, and prevents containers from falling overboard. During the des
24、ign and construction of container carriers, the provision of safe work areas for lashing/unlashing personnel is important. Container carrier owners and designers are reminded of the dangers associated with container lashing and unlashing operations and are encouraged to develop and use container sec
25、uring systems which are safe by design. The aim is to eliminate or at least minimize: Container top work Work in other hazardous locations; and The use of heavy and difficult to handle securing equipment. The provision of safe working conditions for container lashing and unlashing operations require
26、s a focus on vessel design, operation, and maintenance. Additionally, potential safety issues on large container carriers are not necessarily the same as on smaller ones. As per SOLAS Reg. VI/5.6, all ships engaged in carrying cargoes other than solids and liquid bulk cargoes are to carry a Cargo Se
27、curing Manual (CSM). The CSM is to be approved by the Administration or a recognized organization acting on their behalf. The IMO Guidelines for the preparation of the CSM (MSC.1/Circ. 1353) requires that ships which are specifically designed and fitted for the purpose of carrying containers to have
28、 an approved Cargo Safe Access Plan (CSAP) onboard. The CSAP demonstrates that personnel will have safe access for container securing operations. It is important for this plan to detail vessel arrangements necessary for conducting cargo stowage and securing operations in a safe manner. Guidelines fo
29、r specific requirements are contained in the Code of Safe Practice for Cargo Stowage and Securing (CSS Code) Annex 14, “Guidance on Providing Safe Working Conditions for Securing of Containers on Deck, as adopted by MSC.1/Circ.1352. In support of Annex 14 of the CSS Code, ABS has prepared this Guide
30、 with the intent of providing additional information regarding the safe working condition for securing of containers on deck, as well as the criteria for the ERGO(LASH)-R and ERGO(LASH) notations. Annex 14 of the CSS Code addresses, in addition to design, operational and maintenance procedures which
31、 are not addressed in the Guide but are encouraged to be considered in order to improve safety and to satisfy the requirements of the Administration (when applicable). ABSGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC CONTAINER LASHING .2017 5 Section 1 General 2 Application and Scope This Guide is applicable to existing and
32、new container carriers for which the optional ERGO(LASH)-R or ERGO(LASH) notation has been requested. The purpose of the ABS Guide and the associated notations is to provide the marine container transportation industry with guidance on the design of a more ergonomic working environment. A review of
33、injuries reported to the ABS Mariner Safety Research Initiative (MSRI) was conducted to evaluate the severity and reported cause of injuries sustained during container securing operations. The ABS MSRI data was also reviewed to analyze the container carrier near misses. The key near misses align wel
34、l with the reported injuries. They include, but are not limited to: i) Leaving lashing gear hanging unsecured from containers and structure (struck by) ii) Loss of vigilance/situational awareness (slip/trip/fall) iii) Not following the proper processes or procedures (incomplete or incorrect lashing/
35、unlashing) To respond to these issues, ABS used the MSRI data to investigate and identify opportunities to improve the designs and layouts relating to the securing of containers on deck. The different ergonomic notations focus on improving safe working conditions for lashing and unlashing activities
36、 by addressing the key focus areas noted above. The different ergonomic notations can help reduce incidents (injuries and near misses), and improve worker safety and performance. 3 Terminology Administration (Flag State): The Government of the State whose flag the ship is entitled to fly. Cargo Safe
37、 Access Plan (CSAP): Ships which are specifically designed and fitted for the purpose of carrying containers are to be provided with a Cargo Safe Access Plan (CSAP) in order to demonstrate that personnel will have safe access for container securing operations. This plan is to detail arrangements nec
38、essary for the conducting of cargo stowage and securing in a safe manner. It is to include the following for all areas to be worked by personnel (refer also to MSC.1/Circ.1353/Rev.1): Hand rails Platforms Walkways Ladders Access covers Location of equipment storage facilities Lighting fixtures Conta
39、iner alignment on hatch covers/pedestals Fittings for specialized containers, such as reefer plugs/receptacles First aid stations and emergency access/egress Gangways Any other arrangements necessary for the provision of safe access Container Carrier: For application of this Guide, a container carri
40、er is a vessel designed primarily for the carriage of containers on deck and those parts of other ships for which arrangements are specifically designed and fitted for the purpose of carrying containers on deck. Fencing: A generic term for guardrails, safety rails, safety barriers and similar struct
41、ures that provide protection against the falls of persons. 6 ABSGUIDE FOR ERGONOMIC CONTAINER LASHING .2017 Section 1 General Fully Automatic Twistlock (FAT): A twistlock that is inserted and secured in the four bottom corner fittings on the quay before the container is stowed on top of another cont
42、ainer onboard the vessel. The geometry of the twistlock design engages the corner fittings of the lower container and does not require stevedores to lock or unlock the fitting when stowing or discharging containers. High-Cube Container: A container similar in structure to ISO standard containers, bu
43、t taller. While a standard container has a maximum height of 2591 mm (8-6“), a high-cube container is 2896 mm (9-6“) tall. Illuminance: The luminous flux density at a surface (or the amount of light falling on an object or surface), i.e., the luminous flux incident-per-unit area. Illuminance is meas
44、ured in units of Lux (lm/m2) or foot-candles (fc; lm/ft2). One foot-candle equals 10.76 Lux. Lashing Positions: Refers to the following positions: In between container stows on hatch covers At the end of hatches On outboard lashing stanchions/pedestals Outboard lashing positions on hatch covers Any
45、other position where people work with container securing Lashing Rod: A tension element (typically made of steel) that has the appropriate strength and length that forms the lashing assembly used in conjunction with a tensioning device and lashing points. One end is fitted in a container corner cast
46、ing and the other end is mated with the tensioning device. Semi-Automatic Twistlock (SAT): A twistlock that is inserted and secured in the four bottom corner fittings on the quay before the container is stowed on top of another container on board the vessel. When the container is landed on top of an
47、other container, a spring mechanism in the twistlock automatically engages and secures the container above to the container below. This type of twistlock must be manually released or unlocked to discharge the container above. Securing: Refers to container lashing and unlashing operations. Stringers:
48、 The upright or sides of a ladder. Tensioning Device: An adjustable device used to tighten a lashing (i.e., turnbuckle). Turnbuckles: A specific type of Tensioning Device. 4 Notations This Guide offers two (2) optional notations related to ergonomic container lashing, ERGO(LASH)-R and ERGO(LASH). 4.
49、1 ERGO(LASH)-R Notation The ERGO(LASH)-R notation is applicable to existing container carriers, prescribing requirements based on good ergonomic practice, relating to container lashing. It is awarded for compliance with the relevant requirements contained in Section 2 of this Guide. It is considered that it will be more practicable to apply this notations requirements to existing container carriers with the understanding that existing ships are not required to be enlarged or undergo other major structural modifications. 4.2 ERGO(LASH
