1、Recommended Practice for Well Control OperationsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 59SECOND EDITION, MAY 2006REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2012Recommended Practice for Well Control OperationsUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 59SECOND EDITION, MAY 2006REAFFIRMED, JANUARY 2012SPECIAL NOTESAPI publications necessar
2、ily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express
3、 or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontra
4、ctors, con-sultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon pri-vately owned rights.API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; h
5、owever, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publi-cation
6、may conflict.API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineer-ing and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The
7、formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices.Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requ
8、irements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such prod-ucts do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
9、 recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2006 American Petroleum InstituteFOREWORDThis publicaiton is under jurisdiction of the American Petroleum Institute, Up
10、stream Depart-ments Executive Committee on Drilling and Production Operations. Drilling and well service unit (production well service, well workover, well completion, and plug and abandonment) operations are being conducted with full regard for personnel safety, public safety, and preservation of t
11、he environment in such diverse conditions as metropolitan sites, wilderness areas, ocean platforms, deepwater sites, barren deserts, wildlife refuges, and arctic ice packs. Recommendations presented in this publication are based on extensive and wide-ranging industry experience.The goal of this volu
12、ntary recommended practice is to assist the oil and gas industry in pro-moting personnel and public safety, integrity of the drilling and well service equipment, and preservation of the environment for land and marine drilling and well service operations. This recommended practice is published to fa
13、cilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. This publication does not present all of the operating practices that can be employed to successfully install and operate well control systems in drilling and well service operations. Nor does this publication impl
14、y that all of the practices herein are applicable to all drilling and well service operations. Drilling and well service operations throughout the world vary widely and take place under a wide range of downhole and surface conditions. Practices at one operation will not necessarily be required at a
15、similar operation due to different conditions. Practices set forth herein are considered acceptable for accomplishing the job as described; equivalent alternative installations and practices may be utilized to accomplish the same objectives. Individuals and organizations using these recom-mended pra
16、ctices are cautioned that operations must comply with requirements of national, state, or local regulations. These requirements should be reviewed to determine whether vio-lations may occur.Users of recommendations set forth herein are reminded that constantly developing technol-ogy and specialized
17、or limited operations do not permit complete coverage of all operations and alternatives. Recommendations presented herein are not intended to inhibit developing technology and equipment improvements or improved operational procedures. These rec-ommended practices are not intended to obviate the nee
18、d for qualified engineering and oper-ations analyses and sound judgments as to when and where these recommended practices should be utilized to fit a specific drilling application.This publication includes use of the verbs shall and should, whichever is deemed most appli-cable for the specific situa
19、tion. For the purposes of this publication, the following definitions are applicable: ShallIndicates that the recommended practice(s) has universal applicability to that specific activity.ShouldDenotes a recommended practice(s) a) where a safe comparable alternative prac-tice(s) is available; b) tha
20、t may be impractical under certain circumstances; or c) that may be unnecessary under certain circumstances or applications.Changes in the uses of these verbs are not to be effected without risk of changing the intent of recommendations set forth herein.Nothing contained in any API publication is to
21、 be construed as granting any right, by impli-cation or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters pate
22、nt.This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API stan-iiidard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concer
23、ning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein sho
24、uld also be addressed to the director.Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, tele
25、phone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards and Publications Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington,
26、DC 20005, standardsapi.org.ivCONTENTSPage1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、. . .11.2 BOP Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.3 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.4 Furthering the Understanding of Well Co
28、ntrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.5 Deepwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29、 . . . . . . .12.1 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.2 Other References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 GLOSSARY FOR WELL CONTROL OPERAT
30、IONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 PR
31、INCIPLES OF WELL CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64.2 Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64.3 Primary Well Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74.4 The Flowing Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
33、4.5 Drilling or Workover Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94.6 Influx Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104.7 Formation Integrity Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104.8 Well Control Pressures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114.9 Well Close-in Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144.10 M
35、ethods For Circulating Kicks At Constant Bottom-Hole Pressure . . . . . . . . .154.11 Non-Circulation Kill Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234.12 Comparison of Kill Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . .254.13 Choke Line PressureSubsea Stacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264.14 Diverter Systems Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314.15 Well Control Worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315 CAUSES OF KICKS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325.1 Conditions Necessary for a Kick. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325.2 Insufficient Hydrosta
38、tic Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325.3 Drilling Into an Adjacent Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336 WELL CONTROL WARNING SIGNALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、.336.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336.2 Gain in Pit Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336.3 Increased Flow from Annulus . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336.4 Volume of Drilling Fluid to Keep the Hole Full on a Trip is Less Than Calculated or Less Than Trip Book Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336.5 Sudden Increase in Bit Penetration Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346.6 Change in Pump Speed or Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346.7 Flow After Pumps Stopped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346.8 Gas-cut Drilling Fluid . . . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346.9 Liquid-cut Drilling Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35vCONTENTSPage7 WELL PLANNING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357.2 Data Availability and Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357.3 Shallow Flows . . . .
44、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367.4 Casing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377.5 Cementing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377.6 Blowout Prevention Equipment Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377.7 Drilling Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387.8 Service Operat
46、ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387.9 Kick Response Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397.10 Riser Disconnect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397.11 Simultaneous Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397.12 Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397.13 Safety
48、and Medical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407.14 Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407.15 Training and Instruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408 WELL CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR SURFACE DIVERTER INSTALLATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418.1 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418.2 Installation of Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418.3 Diverter Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418.4 Dive
