1、Environmental Guidance Document: Waste Management in Exploration and Production Operations API E5 SECOND EDITION, FEBRUARY 1997 Strategies for Todays Environmental Partnership American Petroleum Institute One of the most significant long-term trends affecting the future vitality of the petroleum ind
2、ustry is the publics concerns about the environment. Recognizing this trend, API mem- ber companies have developed a positive, forward looking strategy called STEP: Strategies for Todays Environmental Partnership. This program aims to address public concerns by improving industrys environmental, hea
3、lth and safety performance; documenting perfor- mance improvements; and communicating them to the public. The foundation of STEP is the API Environmental Mission and Guiding Environmental Principles. API standards, by promoting the use of sound engineering and operational practices, are an important
4、 means of implementing APIs STEP program. API ENVIRONMENTAL MISSION AND GUIDING ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES The members of the American Petroleum Institute are dedicated to continuous efforts to improve the compatibility of our operations with the environment while economically de- veloping energy reso
5、urces and supplying high quality products and services to consumers. The members recognize the importance of efficiently meeting societys needs and our re- sponsibility to work with the public, the government, and others to develop and to use nat- ural resources in an environmentally sound manner wh
6、ile protecting the health and safety of our employees and the public. To meet these responsibilities, API members pledge to manage our businesses according to these principles: 0 To recognize and to respond to community concerns about our raw materials, prod- ucts and operations. o To operate our pl
7、ants and facilities, and to handle our raw materials and products in a manner that protects the environment, and the safety and health of our employees and the public. o To make safety, health and environmental considerations a priority in our planning, and our development of new products and proces
8、ses. o To advise promptly appropriate officials, employees, customers and the public of in- formation on significant industry-related safety, health and environmental hazards, and to recommend protective measures. o To counsel customers, transporters and others in the safe use, transportation and di
9、s- posal of our raw materials, products and waste materials. o To economically develop and produce natural resources and to conserve those re- sources by using energy efficiently. o To extend knowledge by conducting or supporting research on the safety, health and environmental effects of our raw ma
10、terials, products, processes and waste materials. 0 To commit to reduce overall emissions and waste generation. o To work with others to resolve problems created by handling and disposal of haz- ardous substances from our operations. o To participate with government and others in creating responsibl
11、e laws, regulations and standards to safeguard the community, workplace and environment. 0 To promote these principles and practices by sharing experiences and offering assis- tance to others who produce, handle, use, transport or dispose of similar raw materi- als, petroleum products and wastes. ST
12、D-API/PETRO ES-ENGL L797 m 0732270 05b4b70 430 m Environmental Guidance Document: Waste Management in Exploration and Production Operations Exploration and Production Department API E5 SECOND EDITION, FEBRUARY 1997 American Petroleum Institute STD.API/PETRO ES-ENGL L997 0732290 05b4b7L 377 m SPECIAL
13、 NOTES API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to par- ticular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. API is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers, manufacturers, or suppliers to warn and properly train and
14、equip their employees, and others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations under local, state, or fed- eral laws. Information concerning safety and health risks and proper precautions with respect to particular materials and conditions should be
15、obtained from the employer, the manufacturer or supplier of that material, or the material safety data sheet. Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by im- plication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product cover
16、ed by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. Generally, API guidance documents are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. Sometimes a one-time extens
17、ion of up to two years will be added to this review cycle. This publication will no longer be in effect five years after its publica- tion date as an operative API guidance document or, where an extension has been granted, upon republication. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API
18、 Authoring De- partment telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is pub- lished annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted b
19、y any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other- wise, without prior written permission from the publishel: Contact the Publishel; API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N. W, Washington, D. C. 20005. Copyright O 1997 American Petroleum Institute FOREWORD This document reflect
20、s our industrys continuing commitment to environmental protec- tion. It provides guidance for minimizing the direct and indirect environmental impacts of solid wastes originating from typical exploration and production (E however, the institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in conn
21、ection with this pub- lication an hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage re- sulting from its use or for the violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict. Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitt
22、ed to the director of the Exploration and Production Department, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washing- ton, D.C. 20005. STC.API/PETRO ES-ENGL L777 m 0732290 05b4b73 L4T 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4
23、.8 4.9 CONTENTS page POLLUTION PREVENTION Introduction 1 APIs Management Practice for Pollution Prevention 1 Media . 1 Understanding Operational Impacts . 3 Pollution Prevention and waste Minimization . 3 WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Introduction 4 Summary of a Ten-Step Plan for Waste Management 4 Traini
24、ng 4 Waste Tracking . 5 Auditing 5 WASTE GENERATION IN EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OPERATIONS Introduction 6 Exploration . 6 Drilling . 7 Completion and Workover . 9 Field Production . 10 Gas Plant Operations 14 Transportation Pipelines . 16 Offshore Operations . 17 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND REGU
25、LATIONS Introduction 17 The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) . 17 The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 22 The Clean Water Act (CWA) 23 The Clean Air Act (CAA) 25 The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) . 25 The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)
26、 25 The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) . 27 Other Federal Acts 27 4.10 Other Regulations and Agreements . 29 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 WASTE MANAGEMENT METHODS Introduction 29 Source Reduction 29 Recycling and Reclaiming 30 Treatment 30 Disposal 30 IDENTIFYING MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FO
27、R SPECIFIC WASTES Introduction 38 Produced Water 39 Drilling Wastes . 39 Workover and Completion Wastes . 41 V Page 6.5 Tank Bottoms. Emulsions. Heavy Hydrocarbons. and Produced Solids 42 6.6 Contaminated Soil 43 6.7 Used Oils and Solvents . 43 6.8 Dehydration and Sweetening Waste . 44 6.9 Oily Debr
28、is and Filter Media . 44 6.10 Gas Plant Process and Sulfur Recovery Waste . 45 6.1 1 Cooling Tower Blowdown. Boiler Water. Scrubber Liquids. and Steam Generator Wastes . 45 6.12 Downhole and Equipment Scale 45 6.13 StormwaterRigwash 45 6.14 Unused Treatment Chemicals 46 6.15 Asbestos 46 6.16 Used Ba
29、tteries 46 6.17 PCB Transformer Oil . 46 6.18 NonPCB Transformer Oil 46 6.19 Empty Oil and Chemical Drums . 47 6.20 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material . 47 6.21 Geological and Geophysical Operation Wastes . 47 6.22 Recompression and Facility Utility Wastes 47 APPENDIX A-Guidelines for Developi
30、ng Area-Specific Waste APPENDIX B-Waste Management Planning Aids 55 APPENDIX D-Summary of Environmental Legislation and Regulations . 61 APPENDIX E-Acronyms . 63 APPENDIX G-EPA Publication: (EPA 530-K-95-003), May 1995- Crude Oil and Management Plans 49 APPENDIX C-Summary Waste Table . 57 APPENDIX F
31、-Reference Materials . 67 Natural Gas Exploration and Production Wastes: Exemption from RCRA Subtitle C Regulation 69 Figures 1-Media Pathways . 2 Tables 1-Ten-Step Plan Summary 5 2-Overview of Waste Management Methods 30 3-API Metals Guidance: Maximum Soil Concentrations . 33 identifying their sour
32、ces; and evaluating their impact on human health and the environment. d. Periodically reviewing and identifying pollution preven- tion options and opportunities, developing approaches for re- ducing releases, and setting goals and schedules for reducing releases and measuring progress; consider the
33、issues of com- munity concerns, technology and economics, and impact on human health and the environment. e. Including pollution prevention objectives in research ef- forts and in the design of new or modified operations, pro- cesses, and products. f. Supporting an outreach program to promote pollut
34、ion prevention opportunities within the industry, including shar- ing of industry experiences and accomplishments. 1.3 MEDIA Proper management of wastes is important to the protec- tion of human health and the environment. Waste can be transported via three natural carriers-water, soil, and air. 1 S
35、TD.API/PETRO ES-ENGL L797 m 0732290 05b4b7b 957 W 2 API E5 All three media may provide pathways by which potentially polluting materials can migrate from their original source. Thus, materials used and wastes generated in exploration and production operations should be managed by considering risk to
36、 human health and the environment via media path- ways (see Figure 1). 1.3.1 Water Fresh water for human consumption, domestic needs, recreation, stock water, irrigation of crops, and industry comes from underground aquifers, lakes, streams, and reser- voirs. Materials from spills or improper waste
37、disposal may con- taminate aquifers. Of major concern are those aquifers that contain water suitable for drinking. Also important are aquifers used for agricultural purposes. Pollutants found in water are measured in concentrations of parts per billion (ppb); some of these pollutants may cause that
38、water to fail drinking water standards. The quality of aquifer waters can be degraded by pollu- tants to such a degree that it is not practical to restore the aquifer to drinking water standards. 1.3.2 Soil Most fresh water is stored in underground reservoirs Spills can adversely affect the capacity
39、 of soil to support called aquifers. Aquifers are part of a large water-recycling agricultural, industrial, human, and recreational uses. Soil system as illustrated in Figure 1. These porous formations or acts to retain spilled, improperly stored, or disposed materi- sediments can store and transpor
40、t groundwater from rain, als; however, once in the soil, pollutants can migrate to air leakage of stream beds, and other sources. and water and be picked up by plants and animals. Contam- Evaporation and transpiration from bgd = billion gallons per day Figure 1-Basic Media of Soil, Air, and Water Ca
41、n Transport Pollutants Away From Their Original Source STD.API/PETRO ES-ENGL 1777 II 0732270 U5b4b77 A75 WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OPERATIONS 3 inants can evaporate into the atmosphere, be carried by rain- generated by the general public and can be managed simi- water to a lake,
42、 creek, or other surface water, and be leached larly. Most of the waste generated by the oil and gas industry downward into groundwater. consists of naturally occurring materials brought to the sur- 1.3.3 Air Due to large increases in costs of waste management, in- face in association with extracted
43、 oil and gas. Gaseous waste released to the air can potentially affect hu- mans, animals, and plant life through inhalation or dermal contact. Indirectly, gaseous wastes may alter the chemical balance in the atmosphere. Acid rain is a known result of al- tering the chemical makeup of the atmosphere.
44、 Ozone deple- tion and global warming are thought by some to be the result of human impact on the atmosphere. 1.3.4 Summary A properly implemented pollution prevention program can reduce or eliminate pollutant discharges to air, water, or land. API supports cooperative efforts to research and de- ve
45、lop scientifically based standards and promotes technical advancements for the evaluation and implementation of mea- sures to address environmental impacts. 1.4 UNDERSTANDING OPERATIONAL IMPACTS Because exploration and production (E this may occur onsite or offsite, through the following methods: re
46、use reprocess reclaim use as fuel underground injection for enhanced recovery roadspreading c. Treatment-destroy, detoxify, and neutralize wastes into less harmful substances through the following methods: filtration chemical treatment biological treatment thermal treatment extraction 4 API E5 chemi
47、cal stabilization incineration landfarming landspreading d. Disposal-dispose of wastes through the following methods: landfills NPDES discharge solidification burial underground injection for disposal 1.5.3 Summary By incorporating waste minimization practices into the waste management program, the
48、generator may further ef- forts to a. Protect public health and worker health and safety. b. Protect the environment. c. Meet company, state, and/or national waste minimization goals. d. Save money by reducing waste treatment and disposal costs and other operating costs. e. Reduce potential environm
49、ental liabilities. 2 Waste Management System 2.1 INTRODUCTION In order to achieve pollution prevention and waste mini- mization goals, waste management needs to be viewed as an integrated system. A good waste management system should include the following key elements: a. A system for maintaining knowledge of pertinent laws and regulations. b. A system for pollution preventiodwaste minimization. c. A health and safety program. d. An incident response preparedness program. e. A training program. f. A system for proper waste identification. g. A transportation program. h. A prope
