1、BSI Standards Publication PD ISO/TR 18146:2015 Space systems Space debris mitigation design and operation guidelines for spacecraftPD ISO/TR 18146:2015 PUBLISHED DOCUMENT National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TR 18146:2015. The UK participation in its preparation
2、was entrusted to Technical Committee ACE/68, Space systems and operations. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
3、 application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 88121 3 ICS 49.140 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Stra
4、tegy Committee on 31 October 2015. Amendments issued since publication Date Text affectedPD ISO/TR 18146:2015 ISO 2015 Space systems Space debris mitigation design and operation guidelines for spacecraft Systmes spatiaux Conception de mitigation des dbris spatiaux et lignes directrices de manoeuvre
5、de la navette TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 18146 Reference number ISO/TR 18146:2015(E) First edition 2015-10-01PD ISO/TR 18146:2015ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part o
6、f this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body
7、in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.orgPD ISO/TR 18146:2015ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)Foreword vi Introduction vii 1 Scope . 1 2 Related documents and abbrev
8、iated terms and symbols 3 2.1 Overview of ISO debris-related standards 3 2.2 ISO debris-related standards as of February 2015 3 2.3 Other relevant ISO standards . 4 2.4 Other documents . 4 2.5 Abbreviated terms and symbols 5 3 Requirements in ISO standards and system-level methodologies for complyin
9、g with them 6 3.1 General . 6 3.2 Design for limiting the release of objects . 7 3.2.1 Requirements . 7 3.2.2 Work breakdown . 8 3.2.3 Identification of released objects and design measures 8 3.2.4 Design measures 9 3.2.5 Monitoring during operation 9 3.2.6 Preventing failure 9 3.3 Break-up preventi
10、on .10 3.3.1 Requirements 10 3.3.2 Work breakdown 10 3.3.3 Identification of the sources of break-up .10 3.3.4 Design measures .11 3.3.5 Monitoring during operations .11 3.3.6 Disposal operations 11 3.4 Disposal at the end of operation .11 3.4.1 Requirements 11 3.4.2 Work breakdown 12 3.4.3 Estimati
11、on of the orbital lifetime and definition of a disposal plan .13 3.4.4 Function to remove spacecraft to disposal orbit. .14 3.4.5 Reliability of accomplishing disposal manoeuvre 14 3.4.6 Function to monitor critical parameters 15 3.4.7 Decision-making to terminate operations and for execution of dis
12、posal operations 15 3.4.8 Disposal sequence .15 3.4.9 Registration according to the UN treaty .15 3.4.10 Specific subjects for GEO mission 15 3.5 Ground safety from re-entering objects .15 3.5.1 Requirements 15 3.5.2 Work breakdown 15 3.5.3 Identification of requirements 16 3.5.4 Hazards analysis 16
13、 3.5.5 Design measures .17 3.5.6 Specific design for controlled re-entry in subsystem level 18 3.5.7 Notification 18 3.5.8 Conduct controlled re-entry and monitoring .18 3.6 Collision avoidance .18 3.6.1 Background18 3.6.2 Recommendation .19 3.6.3 Work breakdown 19 3.6.4 Estimation of collision prob
14、ability 20 3.6.5 Design measures .20 3.6.6 Procedures for collision avoidance .21 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iii Contents PagePD ISO/TR 18146:2015ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)3.6.7 Detection of risk 21 3.6.8 Avoidance and return manoeuvres .21 3.7 Protection against the impact of micro-debris .22 3.7.1 Bac
15、kground22 3.7.2 Recommendation .23 3.7.3 Work breakdown 23 3.7.4 Preventive measures .23 3.8 Quality and reliability assurance 24 4 Debris-related work in the development cycle 25 4.1 Concept of debris-related work in phased planning .25 4.2 Mission analysis phase (phase 0 or pre-phase A) 28 4.2.1 G
16、eneral.28 4.2.2 Debris-related work .28 4.3 Feasibility phase (phase A) .29 4.4 Definition phase (phase B) 29 4.4.1 Work in phase B .29 4.4.2 Work procedure .29 4.5 Development phase (phase C) 30 4.5.1 Work in phase C .30 4.5.2 Conditions .31 4.6 Production phase (phase D) .31 4.6.1 Work in phase D
17、31 4.6.2 Qualification review .32 4.7 Utilization phase (phase E) .32 4.7.1 Launch preparation 32 4.7.2 Lift-off time 33 4.7.3 Initial operation .33 4.7.4 Normal operation .33 4.7.5 Decision to terminate operations .33 4.7.6 Process for extending mission operations 34 4.8 Disposal phase (phase F) 34
18、 5 System-level considerations 35 5.1 Mission design 35 5.2 Mass allocation 35 5.3 Propellant allocation .36 5.4 Power allocation .36 6 Subsystem/component design and operation 36 6.1 General 36 6.2 Debris-mitigation measures and subsystem-level actions for realizing them 37 6.3 Propulsion subsystem
19、 37 6.3.1 Debris-related design .37 6.3.2 Considerations for propulsion subsystems .37 6.3.3 Consideration in component design 41 6.4 Attitude and orbit control subsystem 43 6.4.1 Debris-related designs .43 6.4.2 Considerations for AOCS 43 6.4.3 Considerations in component design44 6.5 Power-supply
20、subsystem 44 6.5.1 Debris-related designs .44 6.5.2 Considerations for power-supply subsystems 45 6.5.3 Considerations in component design46 6.6 TT ISO/TR 16158, Space systems Avoiding collisions with orbiting objects; ISO 16126, Space systems Assessment of the survivability of unmanned spacecraft a
21、gainst space debris and meteoroid impacts to ensure successful post-mission disposal. Other ISO documents, introduced in Clause 2, are currently being developed to encourage debris mitigation and protection from debris impact. Table 1 shows those requirements together with the recommendations in the
22、 United Nations Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines and the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) space debris guidelines referred to in the UN guidelines. Reliability and quality shortfalls have resulted in fragmentation events that generated thousands of fragments. ISO 24113 and o
23、ther debris-mitigation guidelines make the assumption that space hardware quality and reliability issues have been addressed by other management programs. But for low-cost or low-criticality missions, spacecraft of reduced quality have been developed. The failure of such spacecraft may not pose crit
24、ical damage to their owners but they may adversely affect the environment and impair the sustainability of space activities. This Technical Report suggests activities that can improve reliability and quality sufficiently to avoid this problem. This aspect of space-debris mitigation is particularly i
25、mportant for micro-satellites developed by universities and newcomers to space activities. ISO 2015 All rights reserved viiPD ISO/TR 18146:2015PD ISO/TR 18146:2015Space systems Space debris mitigation design and operation guidelines for spacecraft 1 Scope This Technical Report contains non-normative
26、 information on spacecraft design and operational practices for mitigating space debris. This Technical Report is a supporting document to the family of international standards addressing space debris mitigation (see 2.2). The purpose of these standards is to minimize the creation of additional spac
27、e debris by ensuring that spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages are designed, operated and disposed of in a manner that prevents them from generating debris throughout their orbital lifetime. This Technical Report can be used to guide spacecraft engineers in the application of these space deb
28、ris mitigation standards. Table 1 lists the main debris mitigation requirements defined in the standards and compares them to equivalent recommendations published by the United Nations and the Inter- Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee. In Clause 3, the main space debris mitigation requiremen
29、ts are reported and discussed. Clause 4 provides guidance for life-cycle implementation of space debris mitigation related activities. In Clause 5, the system level aspects stemming from the space debris mitigation requirements are highlighted, while in Clause 6, the impacts at subsystem and compone
30、nt levels are detailed. Where it is not directly required by existing ISO standards but considered relevant to spacecraft operations, design and debris mitigation, content in this Technical Report is labelled as such with “information”. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 18146:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reser
31、ved 1PD ISO/TR 18146:2015ISO/TR 18146:2015(E)Table 1 Comparison of ISO debris-related documents with UN and IADC space debris mitigation Guidelines Measures ISO International Standards (or Technical Reports) UN Guidelines IADC Guidelines Released objects General measures for avoiding the release of
32、objects ISO 24113, 6.1.1 Recommendation-1 5.1 Operational debris Included in above Included in above 5.1 Slag from solid motors ISO 24113, 6.1.2.2, 6.1.2.3 - - Combustion products from pyrotechnics ISO 24113, 6.1.2.1 (Combustion Products 0,9 Recommendation-7 (No quantitative requirements) Note: ITU-
33、R S.1003-1 recommends; 235 km + 1000 Cr*A/M Here, Am 2 , Mkg, Cr- 5.3.1 235 km+ (1000CrA/m), e 0,9 Recommendation-6 (No quantitative requirements) 5.3.2 (Recommend 25 years) Transfer to graveyard ISO 24113, 6.3.3.2 (f) (guarantee 100 years non-interference) Mentioned in recommendation-6 5.3.2 Other
34、options ISO 24113, 6.3.3.2 (a) (e) - 5.3.2 Re-entry Avoidance of ground casualties ISO 24113, 6.3.4 (Detailed in ISO 27875) Included in Recommendation-6 5.3.2 Collision avoidance for large debris ISO/TR 16158 (for assessment) Recommendation-3 5.4 Protection from the impact of micro-debris ISO 16126
35、(for assessment) - 5.4 2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedPD ISO/TR 18146:2015ISO/TR 18146:2015(E) 2 Related documents and abbreviated terms and symbols 2.1 Overview of ISO debris-related standards The requirements, recommendations, and best practices for mitigating debris generation and preventing other
36、 debris related problems are now examined. Figure 1 shows a general diagram of major ISO documents relevant to debris. Figure 1 Structure of major ISO debris-related standards 2.2 ISO debris-related standards as of February 2015 The following ISO standards have been published to address space debris
37、 mitigation: ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3PD ISO/TR 18146:2015ISO/TR 18146:2015(E) (1) ISO 11227:2012, Space systems Test procedures to evaluate spacecraft material ejector upon hypervelocity impact (2) ISO 14200:2012, Space environment (natural and artificial) Guide to process-based implementation
38、 of meteoroid and debris environmental models (orbital altitude below GEO + 200 km) (3) ISO 16126:2014, Space systems Assessment of survivability of unmanned spacecraft against space debris and meteoroid impacts to ensure successful post-mission disposal (4) ISO 16127:2014, Space systems Prevention
39、of break-up of unmanned spacecraft (5) ISO 16164:2015, Space systems Disposal of satellites operating in or crossing Low Earth Orbit (6) ISO 23339:2010, Space systems Unmanned spacecraft residual propellant mass estimation for disposal manoeuvres (7) ISO 24113:2011, Space systems Space debris mitiga
40、tion requirements (8) ISO 26872:2010, Space systems Disposal of satellites operating at geosynchronous altitude (9) ISO 27852:2011, Space systems Estimation of orbit lifetime (10) ISO 27875:2010, Space systems Re-entry safety control for unmanned spacecraft and launch vehicle orbital stages 2.3 Othe
41、r relevant ISO standards The following ISO standards are not specific to space debris mitigation but are considered relevant: (1) ISO/TR 11225:2012, Space environment (natural and artificial) Guide to reference and standard atmosphere models (2) ISO/TR 11233:2014, Space systems Orbit determination a
42、nd estimation Process for describing techniques (3) ISO 14300-1:2011, Space systems Programme management Part 1: Structuring of a project (4) ISO 14623:2003, Space systems Pressure vessels and pressurized structures Design and operation (5) ISO/TR 16158:2013, Space systems Avoiding collisions among
43、orbiting objects: Best practices, data requirements, and operational concepts (6) ISO 16404:2013, Space systems Programme management Requirements management (7) ISO 27025:2010, Program management Quality assurance requirements 2.4 Other documents The following relevant documents are listed to provid
44、e the reader with additional background of the above ISO standards: (1) UN, Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Annex IV of A/AC.105/890, 6 March 2007, endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly un
45、der Resolution A/RES/62/217 (2) IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, IADC-02-01, Revision 1, September 2007, available at http:/ /www.iadc-online.org/index.cgi?item=docs_pub (3) Support Document to the IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, IADC-04-06, Issue 1, 5 October 2004, available at http:/ /www.iadc-online.org/index.cgi?item=docs_pub4 ISO 2015 All rights reserved
