1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD CEN/TR 15463:2007 Characterization of sludges Physical consistency Thixotropic behaviour and piling behaviour ICS 13.030.20 PD CEN/TR 15463:2007 This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2007 BSI 2007 I
2、SBN 978 0 580 56971 5 National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 15463:2007. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/5, Sludge characterization. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request
3、to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date CommentsTECHNICALREPORT RAPPORTTECHNIQUE TECHNISCHERBERICHT CEN/TR15463 April2007 ICS13.030.
4、20 EnglishVersion CharacterizationofsludgesPhysicalconsistencyThixotropic behaviourandpilingbehaviour CaractrisationdesbouesConsistancephysique Comportementthixotropeetcomportementautassement CharakterisierungvonSchlmmenPhysikalische BeschaffenheitThixotropesundSchttverhalten ThisTechnicalReportwasa
5、pprovedbyCENon4August2006.IthasbeendrawnupbytheTechnicalCommitteeCEN/TC308. CENmembersarethenationalstandardsbodiesofAustria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Cyprus,CzechRepublic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland, France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Norway,Poland,
6、P ortugal, Romania,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUnitedKingdom. EUROPEANCOMMITTEEFORSTANDARDIZATION COMITEUROPENDENORMALISATION EUROPISCHESKOMITEEFRNORMUNG ManagementCentre:ruedeStassart,36B1050Brussels 2007CEN Allrightsofexploitationinanyformandbyanymeansreserved worldwideforCENnatio
7、nalMembers. Ref.No.CEN/TR15463:2007:E2 Contents Page Foreword4 1 Introduction6 1.1 The Horizontal project and the Work Package 7 6 1.2 Desk study subject 7 1.3 Evaluation of needs for control of operations and material characteristics.7 1.3.1 Evaluation of needs for control of operation7 1.3.2 Mater
8、ial characteristics.8 1.4 Search for existing standards and methods.15 1.5 Basic information.16 1.5.1 Flowability 16 1.5.2 Solidity 18 1.5.3 Thixotropic behaviour of solid materials 19 1.5.4 Piling behaviour.21 2 Existing standards or draft standards.22 2.1 Flowability 22 2.2 Solidity 22 2.3 Thixotr
9、opic behaviour .23 2.4 Piling behaviour.23 3 Evaluation of drafting a Horizontal standard24 3.1 Flowability 24 3.1.1 Capillary viscometers24 3.1.2 Penetrometer28 3.1.3 Rotational viscometers .33 3.1.4 “Flow” apparatus.37 3.2 Solidity 43 3.2.1 Shearing apparatus .43 3.2.2 Vane testing apparatus .45 3
10、.2.3 Penetrometer49 3.3 Thixotropic behaviour of solid materials 57 3.3.1 Laboratory or field test feasibility57 3.3.2 Apparatus .57 3.3.3 What is measured and how 62 3.3.4 Material to be examined 63 3.3.5 Feasibility of the methods to the materials of investigation.63 3.4 Piling behaviour.63 3.4.1
11、Laboratory or field test feasibility63 3.4.2 Apparatus .64 3.4.3 What is measured and how 67 3.4.4 Material to be examined 68 3.4.5 Feasibility of the methods to the materials of investigation.68 4 Critical point and recommendations .69 4.1 Flowability 69 4.1.1 Comparison (discussion: pro/contra)69
12、4.1.2 Recommendations.70 4.2 Solidity 71 4.2.1 Comparison (discussion: pro/contra)71 4.2.2 Recommendations.75 4.3 Thixotropic behaviour of solid materials 75 4.3.1 Comparison (discussion: pro/contra)75 4.3.2 Recommendations.76 CEN/TR 15463:20073 4.4 Piling behaviour.76 4.4.1 Comparison (discussion:
13、pro/contra) .76 4.4.2 Recommendation 77 4.5 Summary of recommended methods 77 4.5.1 Flowability 77 4.5.2 Solidity, thixotropic behaviour and piling behaviour 77 4.6 Research needs .78 4.6.1 Basics of methods.78 4.6.2 Applicability of methods to the materials of investigation .79 4.6.3 Questions to b
14、e answered80 4.6.4 Route, how to answer them80 4.6.5 Steps to be taken.80 Bibliography81 CEN/TR 15463:20074 Foreword This document (CEN/TR 15463:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 308 “Characterization of sludges”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. Attention is drawn to t
15、he possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This CEN-Report “Physical Consistency” derives from the Desk Studies “Physical Properties Flowability” (HORIZ
16、ONTAL Report No. 21 60) and “Physical Properties Solidity, Thixotropic Behaviour and Piling Behaviour” (HORIZONTAL Report No. 22 61) of the Horizontal Project. The “Horizontal” project has the objective to develop horizontal and harmonised European Standards in the fields of sludge, bio-waste and so
17、il to facilitate regulation of these major streams in the multiple decisions related to different uses and disposal governed by EU Directives. The Horizontal Project includes the Work Package 7 “Mechanical properties” consisting in the development of Desk Studies on physical consistency, because it
18、is recognized that this property is very important for the characterization of sludge, since it affects almost all treatment, utilization and disposal operations, such as storage, pumping, transportation, handling, land-spreading, dewatering, drying, landfilling. The importance of the physical consi
19、stency is also true for the characterization of bio-waste and soil. Also handling and utilization of many other materials, such as cement and asphalt are strictly depending on their physical consistency. The needs for control of operations and also material characteristics are described. The first a
20、ction carried out is consisted in searching for existing standards to be possibly used or adapted for utilisation in the specific field of consistency evaluation. The complete list of standards is reported in Annex 1 of the HORIZONTAL Reports No. 21 60 and No. 22 61, from which it can be seen that m
21、ore than 250 standards and non-standardised methods are potentially applicable to consistency evaluation. On the basis of the selected list of standards and non-standardised methods for further consideration the methods for the determination of flowability, solidity, thixotropic behaviour and piling
22、 behaviour of sludge, bio-waste and soil have been divided into several groups, according to the instruments used for measuring: Flowability: Capillary viscometers, Penetrometers, Rotational viscometers and Flow apparatus. Solidity: Shearing apparatus, Vane testing apparatus and Penetrometers. Thixo
23、tropic behaviour: It should be investigated a combination of methods for determination of the solidity like penetration, etc. and an energy-input in terms of “flow“ apparatus to simulate the shear stress. Piling behaviour: Slump test apparatus, Compacting apparatus, Cubic Piling Box (CPB) and “Turne
24、d Box“. For each group was evaluated the laboratory or field test feasibility. Apparatuses of the measuring procedures and existing applications to different materials were described. On this basis the applicability of the described methods to the materials of investigation was evaluated and documen
25、ted in the lists of analysed standards. The recommended methods are for flowability the coaxial cylinder viscometer as laboratory apparatus, while field apparatus are flow cone, magnesium penetration cone and extrusion tube viscometer. The recommended methods are for solidity the “Laboratory vane sh
26、ear apparatus” and “Vicat needle” as laboratory reference and the pocket penetrometers for field test. The penetrometers in general could be used for both laboratory reference method and field test. Also for determination of the thixotropic behaviour the penetrometer is together with an energy-input
27、 in terms of a vibrating table or a hammer a suitable instrument. For measuring the piling behaviour the Cubic Piling Box (CPB) and the Oedometer are the recommended methods, whereby the CPB could be used in both laboratory and field while the Oedometer could be used only in the laboratory. All meth
28、ods should be tested and optimized to adapt design and part dimensions to the materials in a future experimental activity. CEN/TR 15463:20075 For the research needs first the basics of methods are explicated and the applicability of methods to the materials is clarified. The questions to be answered
29、 (precision, repeatability, reliability, etc.), the route, how to answer them and finally the steps to be taken are important for following procedures. In the Horizontal Report No. 21 a total of 6 proposals for draft standards are given, whereby one laboratory method and five field tests exist. In t
30、he Horizontal-Report No. 22 a total of 11 proposals for draft standards are given, consisting of six laboratory methods and five field tests. CEN/TR 15463:20076 1 Introduction 1.1 The Horizontal project and the Work Package 7 The revision of the Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC, the upcoming Compo
31、sting Directive on the biological treatment of biodegradable waste and the Soil Monitoring Directive call for standards on sampling, hygienic and biological parameters, methods for inorganic and organic contaminants, and for mechanical properties of these materials. In addition, when materials canno
32、t be utilized, landfilling becomes important, in which case leaching becomes an issue as stipulated by the Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste. More recently, a Council Decision establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills, pursuant to Article 16 an
33、d Annex II of mentioned Directive on the landfill of waste was issued (16/12/02) with physical consistency being one basic parameter of interest. The “Horizontal” project has the objective to develop horizontal and harmonised European Standards in the fields of sludge, bio-waste and soil to facilita
34、te regulation of these major streams in the multiple decisions related to different uses and disposal governed by EU Directives. Part of the work to be carried out will focus on co-normative work with an emphasis on horizontal standardization starting from existing standards developed for the same p
35、arameter in the fields of sludge, bio- waste and soil. Another part of the work will focus on pre-normative research required to develop standards lacking at this point and needed in the next revision of the regulations in these fields. The work within the HORIZONTAL Project was coordinated in the W
36、ork Package 7 “Mechanical properties” and done in cooperation of the involved teams. It consists in the development of the Desk Studies on physical consistency mentioned above, because it is recognized that this property is very important for the characterization of sludge e.g., since it affects alm
37、ost all treatment, utilization and disposal operations, such as storage, pumping, transportation, handling, land-spreading, dewatering, drying, landfilling. In fact, the selection of the most suitable equipment and procedure for land application, storage and transportation of sludge e.g. is strongly
38、 connected to its consistency. Similarly, compacting sludge in a landfill or forming a pile in composting is depending on sludge shear strength rather than on its solids concentration. In particular, with reference to the regulations requirements, according to the Sludge Directive 278/86, agricultur
39、al reused sludge should have agronomic interest, be healthy and easily usable, i.e. easily stored, transported, handled, and spread. In Council Directive 1999/31/EC (Landfill Directive), Article 2 (q) gives a definition of “liquid waste”, and Article 5 (3.a) does not allow a liquid waste to be landf
40、illed, but a standardized method for this evaluation has to be developed yet. Further, Annex II (2. General principles) requires that “The composition, and general properties of a waste to be landfilled must be known as precisely as possible”, and Annex I (6. Stability) is referring to “. ensure sta
41、bility of the mass of waste . particularly in respect of avoidance of slippage”, so the shear strength and piling behaviour should be known. Article 2 (h) says, that “treatment means . processes . in order to facilitate its handling”. Finally, Article 11 (1.b) asks for: “ visual inspection of the wa
42、ste at the entrance and at the point of deposit and, as appropriate, verification of conformity with the description provided in the document submitted by the holder”, so simple and easy tests to be carried out on the field and followed by the operators should be defined. Further, the Council Direct
43、ive establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills, pursuant to Article 16 and Annex II of mentioned Directive on waste landfilling included “consistency” among the basic parameters to be evaluated for waste characterization before landfilling; for specific cases it is
44、 also demanded, that EU Member States must set criteria to ensure a sufficient physical stability and bearing capacity of waste. It is also to be pointed out that in many analytical methods for sludge characterization (e.g. pH, dry matter, leachability, etc.) different procedures are indicated depen
45、ding on whether the sample to be examined is liquid or not, is solid or not, but no procedures are given for evaluating such properties. The importance of the physical consistency is also true for the characterization of bio-waste and soil. CEN/TR 15463:20077 1.2 Desk study subject The Task Group 3
46、(TG3) of CEN/TC308/WG1 defined 3 physical states for sludge (CEN/TC308/WG1/TG3, 2000): a) Liquid: sludge flowing under the effect of gravity or pressure below a certain threshold. b) Paste-like: sludge capable of continuous flow under the effect of pressure above a certain threshold and having a she
47、ar resistance below a certain threshold. c) Solid: sludge having a shear resistance above a certain threshold. This firstly involves the necessity to set up methods to measure values in the range of the boundary area between liquid and paste-like behaviours (limit of flowability) and that between so
48、lid and paste-like (limit of solidity). Further, the thixotropic behaviour of solid materials (from “the solid to the liquid state and vice versa”) should be evaluated, together with the piling behaviour referred both to “compaction and physical stability”. Also the CEN/TC292/WG2, in the method EN 1
49、2457 for the characterisation of waste included in Annex B (Informative) the description of a test for determining whether waste is in the liquid state (CEN/TC292/WG2, 2002). Although the methods to be developed are partly known and used in other technology fields, e.g. soil mechanics, materials for construction works (con
