1、Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,SYSTEMS THEORY AND THE ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE,The biological, psychological, and sociological influences on human development,A bio-psycho-social perspective,This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
2、Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.,HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT,Andrew T. Nilsson, Ph.D. Eastern
3、 Connecticut State University,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,THE MEDICAL MODEL An early model for social work practice,STUDY DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT CURE,Assessment DSM IV Therapy Cure?,Focus on the individual with the problem Assumes the professional has the knowledge and power to cure,Copyright Allyn &
4、Bacon 2003,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,What were the bio-psycho-social factors that had most influence in making you the person you are today?,BIOLOGICAL FACTORS?PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS?SOCIAL FACTORS?,THINK AND SHARE,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES,Com
5、mon biological factors: Physical appearance; sex; race; age; abilities or disabilities; family history of inheritable conditions such as cancer, alcoholism, schizophrenia, depression, etc. Do we start with a clean slate? No. At birth our slate is already written on by by heredity But environmental f
6、actors influence the unfolding of biological development. Einstein would not have become Einstein if he had been born into a family that could not feed him or who failed to provide him with intellectual stimulation. Is biology destiny? The nature-nurture, heredity v. environment debate Can we modify
7、 biological inheritance? Genetic engineering, mapping of the human genome, genetic selection,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES,Intelligence Personality Self-image Where does your psychological make-up come from? Inheritance (biology) Experiences (sociology) Cooleys looking glass
8、self we learn who we are from how others treat us Useful theory? One person may be strengthened by growing up with an alcoholic parent; another destroyed. What makes the difference? Important issue application of theory to practice: If behavior learned (a response to environment) it can be unlearned
9、 If behavior inherited, change may be more problematic. Can the leopard change its spots?,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,SOCIAL INFLUENCES,People: Family and family relationships; relationships with key individuals (parent, grandparent, spouse, significant other) Influence can be positive or negative;
10、 nurturing and supportive or destructive Clearly people are an important part of the factors which make us who we are. Social environment: community, neighborhood Economics: economic status influences resources and opportunities available to the individual Religion,Moral: bio-psycho-social factors i
11、nteract to make us who we are.,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,REVIEW BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL INFLUENCES,BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES: Physical appearance; sex; race; age; abilities or disabilities; family history of inheritable conditions such as cancer, alcoholism, schizophrenia, depression, etc.PSYCHOLOGICAL INF
12、LUENCES: Intelligence, personality, self-imageSOCIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES: People (family, peers, significant others), social environment (community, neighborhood), economics, religion,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,SYSTEMS THEORY A way of looking at individuals and their complex environment; the interact
13、ive patterns between people, groups, and institutions,System:A group of objects within a boundaryEach object has a defined function and structural relationship to the other objects within the system The objects are engaged in a dynamic process,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,SYSTEMS,solar system clock
14、human bodyBoundary Defined function Structural relationship Dynamic process,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,BOUNDARIES,Separate system from external environment other systems Separate subsystems within the system Separate “personal space” define individual units which comprise the systemBoundaries may
15、be permeable or impermeable Closed systems self-contained; little influence form outside Open systems active exchange with external environment,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,A CHANGE IN ONE PART OF A SYSTEM AFFECTS ALL PARTS HOMEOSTASIS - DISEQUILIBRIUM - ADAPTATION,What would happen if Earth were de
16、stroyed by a nuclear war?,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,A CHANGE IN ONE PART OF A SYSTEM AFFECTS ALL PARTS HOMEOSTASIS - DISEQUILIBRIUM - ADAPTATION,Earth becomes cosmic dust.The gravitational balance of the solar system is thrown out of wack.DISEQUILIBRIUM,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,A CHANGE IN ON
17、E PART OF A SYSTEM AFFECTS ALL PARTS HOMEOSTASIS - DISEQUILIBRIUM - ADAPTATION,Gradually the planets settle into new orbits.A new equilibrium (homeostasis) is achieved.ADAPTATION,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,HUMAN SYSTEMS SOCIETY OUR SOCIAL SYSTEM,FAMILY,ECONOMY,RELIGION,POLITICS,EDUCATION,LEGAL,The
18、 systems perspective portrays society as a smoothly operating network of social institutions.Each institution performs some function or functions essential to the maintenance of the society. Our social institutions are interdependent. Each relies on and supports the others. A change in one social in
19、stitution will impact the entire society.,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,HUMAN SYSTEMS SOCIETY OUR SOCIAL SYSTEM,FAMILY,ECONOMY,RELIGION,POLITICS,EDUCATION,LEGAL,Equifinality refers to the fact that there are many different means to the same ends.Social institutions take different forms in other socie
20、ties; perform their essential functions in different ways. The boundary of our social system is the outer limit of people who live by our social institutions the American way of life.,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,THE FAMILY AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM THE SMITH FAMILY,FATHER JOHN MOTHER MARY,Copyright Allyn
21、& Bacon 2003,THE FAMILY AS A SOCIAL SYSTEM,The Smith family:Father, mother, John, Mary What are the elements of the Smith family system? What are the boundaries of the Smith family system? Nuclear family Extended family Each member has a role (essential function)to play Father: instrumental role (br
22、ead winner) Mother: expressive/affective role (homemaker/nurturer) Children? What about Fleazie, the Smith family cat? In work with families, the relevant system may not be the biological nuclear family. May include other relatives and/or unrelated household members. Family is best defined by the pe
23、ople who live in it.,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,SUBSYSTEMS IN THE SMITH FAMILY Put focus on different aspects of family functioning,Parental unit Marital unit Siblings Parent-child subsystem(s)Change and the Smith family system: Change in one part of a system effects all parts What happens when Mr
24、s. Smith gets a job?Is the Smith family an open or closed family system?,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,SYSTEM LEVELS,Microsystems The smallest unit of analysis typically the individual.Mezzo systems Typically small groups in which individuals are involved family, friendship groups, work groups.Macro
25、systems The largest units of analysis society, culture, social institutions, communities, organizationsExosystems Systems outside the immediate area of analysis which may have an impact on it,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,Systems/ecological perspective Person-in-environment Social work views the indi
26、vidual in the context of his/her surrounding social systems.,Bio-psycho-social perspective Biological genetic/physical make-up Psychological emotional (affective), intellectual (cognitive), self-image, etc. Social interactions with others Social work views individuals as multi-dimensional systems.,C
27、opyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,Your family system,What are the elements that make up your family system? What systems outside of your family system (exo-systems) does your family depend upon? What systems outside of your family depend upon your family?,THINK AND SHARE,Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2003,USEFUL WEB SITE,Robert Versteeg, MSW of the University of New England Main Geriatrics Gerentology Education Center describes the application of systems theory in work with an elderly client. devel.une.edu/com/othrdept/int/agingandsocialwork/systems.htm,
