欢迎来到麦多课文档分享! | 帮助中心 海量文档,免费浏览,给你所需,享你所想!
麦多课文档分享
全部分类
  • 标准规范>
  • 教学课件>
  • 考试资料>
  • 办公文档>
  • 学术论文>
  • 行业资料>
  • 易语言源码>
  • ImageVerifierCode 换一换
    首页 麦多课文档分享 > 资源分类 > PPT文档下载
    分享到微信 分享到微博 分享到QQ空间

    Supply Chain Issues in Small Agricultural Enterprises.ppt

    • 资源ID:389488       资源大小:173.50KB        全文页数:31页
    • 资源格式: PPT        下载积分:2000积分
    快捷下载 游客一键下载
    账号登录下载
    微信登录下载
    二维码
    微信扫一扫登录
    下载资源需要2000积分(如需开发票,请勿充值!)
    邮箱/手机:
    温馨提示:
    如需开发票,请勿充值!快捷下载时,用户名和密码都是您填写的邮箱或者手机号,方便查询和重复下载(系统自动生成)。
    如需开发票,请勿充值!如填写123,账号就是123,密码也是123。
    支付方式: 支付宝扫码支付    微信扫码支付   
    验证码:   换一换

    加入VIP,交流精品资源
     
    账号:
    密码:
    验证码:   换一换
      忘记密码?
        
    友情提示
    2、PDF文件下载后,可能会被浏览器默认打开,此种情况可以点击浏览器菜单,保存网页到桌面,就可以正常下载了。
    3、本站不支持迅雷下载,请使用电脑自带的IE浏览器,或者360浏览器、谷歌浏览器下载即可。
    4、本站资源下载后的文档和图纸-无水印,预览文档经过压缩,下载后原文更清晰。
    5、试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓。

    Supply Chain Issues in Small Agricultural Enterprises.ppt

    1、,Supply Chain Issues in Small Agricultural Enterprises,by Cerry M. Klein and Wooseung Jang,Preview,Introduction Problems and Objectives Models Conclusions,Introduction,Agricultural Production Large sector of economy Leading exporter Embraces new technology Derivatives, GPS, etc. Small Farm Enterpris

    2、e 350,000 “Large Farms” 95% of inputs 95% of outputs 63% decline in farm ownership 97.5% decline for minorities 1,000 acres needed to break even Federal Subsidies - $27 billion 10% to farm owners most of which were large farm owners (policies not helping),Introduction,Concentration Ratios in Agricul

    3、ture CR4 = % market controlled by 4 largest firms Flour Milling CR4 (1982) = 40%; CR4 (1997) = 62% Soybean Crushing CR4 (1977) = 54%; CR4 (1997) = 80% Pork Packing CR4 (1987) = 37%; CR4 (1998) = 57% Beef Packing CR4 (1990) = 72%; CR4 (1998) = 79% Source: Heffernan (1999),Introduction,The Farming Ent

    4、erprise $185 billion annually on inputs such as chemicals, seeds, land, supplies, etc. and in return sales of $210 billion worth of outputs 1950s net farm income as a percent of gross farm income was 35 percent. Today it is 17% Industrialized agriculture has embraced new technologies and management

    5、procedures including supply chain management and web-enabled methodology The small farmer does not have the size or production capacity to realize the necessary efficiencies of industrialized agriculture,Introduction,Source: Economic Research Service (2000),Farmers Share of the Food Dollar, 1954 to

    6、1998,Introduction,Rural Communities and The Farming Enterprise“Decentralized land ownership produces more equitable economic opportunity for people in rural communities, and offers self employment and business management opportunities. Farms, particularly family farms, can be nurturing places for ch

    7、ildren to grow up and acquire the values of responsibility and hard work.” “As small farms and farm-workers succeed.they will fuel local economies and energize rural communities across America.” The National Commission on Small Farms (1998),Introduction,Small Farm Enterprises For the small farm ente

    8、rprise to be viable it must be able to respond quickly to product differentiation and to establish niche areas of product,“farmers will increasingly be producing commodities with specific attributes called for by food processors who are responding to retail demand. Traditional patterns of farming wi

    9、ll change; more products will be produced for niche markets and for international tastes. There will be higher pay-off for the entrepreneur on the farm” (Kinsey and Senaur),“market segregation may provide niche opportunities for producers who are willing to keep their product segregated and sell bas

    10、ed on specific attributes rather than in bulk.” (Baumel),Introduction,Small Farm Enterprises “Rural people are disadvantaged regarding access to the basic technical knowledge to use the expanding infrastructure effectively”. U.S. Dept. of Commerce report on the digital divide (U.S.DoC, 1999)This is

    11、borne out in the Hopkins and Morehart (2001) study that shows only 0.33 percent of all sales and purchases in agriculture during 2000 were conducted online. In addition only 1% of all farms connected to the internet conducted sales online.,Introduction,Small Farm Enterprises Do not have readily avai

    12、lable tools and methodology to assist in effectively accessing or “organizing” new value-added or niche markets for their products They lack the capability to take advantage of the newly developed technologies in information systems to construct supply/value chains that reduce their vulnerability to

    13、 risk while increasing their direct profit. An area devoid of contributions at the research level,Problems and Objectives,Strategic Decision Making “links between food manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers are complex, ill-understood, and changing rapidly” Kinsey (2000) Logistics unlikely that a

    14、 group of homogeneous small farmers will be in a common geographical area Information Technology and E-commerce web-based technologies and e-commerce will be essential tools in the development and management of supply chains The advantage of this is to provide enhanced market access for rural small

    15、business and for organizing markets and supply chains“the role of information technology has largely been ignored” (Buhr 2000),Problems and Objectives,To efficiently deliver products small farmers need to: Create or reengineer their supply operations to meet the requirement of speed and flexibility

    16、Integrate and coordinate the system, which includes customers, suppliers, information, productions, inventories, transportations, quality, prices, partnerships, and interdependencies. The lack of predictive models to analyze supply chains and e-commerce might be part of the reason for the low visibi

    17、lity and chaotic situations that exist in supply operations. New business models are needed to help assimilate, simplify and manage supply chain operations.,Problems and Objectives,To become and remain competitive through niche markets small farmers need to: Develop virtual co-ops for leverage Embra

    18、ce e-commerce and web-based technologies to expand their markets. Interact globally with suppliers and buyers Create “new economic spaces” (Greenspan, Kelly and Gottlieb and Fisher),Models,Models,Strategic Planning and Decision Making Decisions include: To join or form a co-op What type of product t

    19、o produce and how much Determination of when to take a product to the market Contract and pricing, capacity decisions, etc. To join or form a co-op seems to be a very important decision and is considered here.,Models,Co-op Problem Without joining co-op can only sell individually and directly to cust

    20、omer If join a co-op, usually more stable demand and larger customer base. Also, not necessary to sell directly to customer Question is whether to join or not, which is dependent on co-op size. What is the optimal size of the co-op?,Models,Co-op Problem Assumptions Multiple homogeneous farmers produ

    21、cing one specific product Production quantity is assumed to be Q Each farmer faces local demand X, which is stochastic and has probability density function and cumulative distribution function The price of the product for the local and direct farmer-consumer sales is equal to p1 local demand and pri

    22、ce is not affected by outside factors such as other co-ops and grocery stores,Models,Co-op Problem Suppose that the demand from wholesalers and institutions is expected to be D, and the sales price per item is , where p2 D. Assume each farmer sells D/n items through the co-op and the rest, Q-D/n, to

    23、 local customers If a farmer only sells products directly to local customers without using a co-op, then the revenue given by is f(0),Models,If a farmer is a member of an n-farmer co-op, then the revenue is given by,It is possible to show that f(n) is an increasing function in terms of n 1 , when,an

    24、d unimodal if,Models,Can use this model to determine whether or not to join a co-op.There exists a Q* and an n* such that,Models,In other words: A farmer should not join a co-op if the expected marginal price of direct selling is larger than the price obtained through the co-op participation A farme

    25、r should always join a co-op if his production quantity is larger than a certain threshold value Otherwise, the farmers decision should depend on the size of a co-op. The values of Q* and n* can be explicitly computed and used to assist individual farmers who try to measure the value of forming and/

    26、or joining a co-op.,Models,B2B and B2C Models When are direct sales to customers profitable for the small farmer? Quantity and pricing strategies to optimize farmers profits Because many products are perishable, farmers need to find balances between lower, yet certain profits, and higher profits wit

    27、h uncertainties Analytical models can provide operational decisions so that farmers overall expected profits are maximized,Models,B2B and B2C Models Once a co-op is formed, various operational decisions should be made. Both the co-op and wholesalers desire to make decisions that maximize their profi

    28、ts, but only coordinated decisions can realize this objective Joint coordination can result in decreased operation costs and reduced uncertainties, which will eventually yield greater satisfaction for participants. This is widely done in industrialized agriculture but is virtually nonexistent in sma

    29、ll farm operations, (Hobbs and Young 2000),Models,B2B and B2C Models Example: Supply Contract and Pricing Decisions Assume: Co-op suggests the sales price (p2) for its products to wholesalers Wholesaler decides on an order quantity (D) so as to minimize the total cost Wholesaler faces random demand

    30、later from retailers and may need to pay either a holding cost (h) or a shortage penalty (s) The pdf and cdf or the random demand is given by:,and,Models,B2B and B2C Models The profit function for the supply chain is equal to the revenue of the wholesaler minus the wholesalers holding and shortage c

    31、osts minus the co-ops production cost,Where is the sales price of the wholesaler,Models,B2B and B2C Models If the wholesaler follows an optimal ordering policy based on the well-known Newsboy problem, then,and the profit function can be rewritten as follows,Models,B2B and B2C Models One of the objec

    32、tives is to decide an optimal transaction price between the co-op and the wholesaler so that above function is maximized. After some analysis, we can show that the optimal transaction price satisfies,Models,B2B and B2C Models This results show that the optimal price is decreasing in demand if the pr

    33、oduction cost is strictly concave while the price is constant if the production cost is linear. This implies, if a product has a concave production cost, a larger co-op can offer the product at a lower price enticing more wholesalers to the supply chain, and the addition will provide a profit increa

    34、se for all existing members. We can conjecture that eventually only well-coordinated large co-ops will survive. Therefore, it is necessary for a co-op to be aggressive in increasing demand, especially at the beginning stage of the supply chain. If production cost is linear then smaller co-ops can co

    35、mpete because the optimal transaction price should be the same regardless of the size. Thus, the operation of a co-op should focus on other issues such as quality and customer service rather than becoming large.,Models,Accepting a New Contract Contract between buyer and cooperative defined by price

    36、and quantity (p,D) Let p0 be price for local buyer now Assume have current contract (p1,D1) and considering new contract (p2, D2) where nQD1+D2 Accept New Contract if,Models,Amount of Product for Farmer to Supply Suppose that the farmer contributes R products then the revenue isThe optimal delivery

    37、quantity for the farmer assuming they are required to deliver a quantity between R1and R2, R1 R2 is thenQ if QR1R1 if R1 Q R1 + -1(1-p1 /p0)Q - -1(1- p1 /p0) if R1 + -1(1- p1 /p0) Q R2 + -1(1- p1 /p0) R2 otherwise,Conclusions,Initial stages of study Need real data Co-ops in Mississippi, California,

    38、Illinois, and Missouri Models need to be extended to more realistic scenarios Problems difficult, but interesting due to the uncertainties Important problem from a political and policy standpoint Supply chains are in a highly variable, high risk, low margin, seasonal, niche market environments may relate or be applied to certain “s”,


    注意事项

    本文(Supply Chain Issues in Small Agricultural Enterprises.ppt)为本站会员(boatfragile160)主动上传,麦多课文档分享仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知麦多课文档分享(点击联系客服),我们立即给予删除!




    关于我们 - 网站声明 - 网站地图 - 资源地图 - 友情链接 - 网站客服 - 联系我们

    copyright@ 2008-2019 麦多课文库(www.mydoc123.com)网站版权所有
    备案/许可证编号:苏ICP备17064731号-1 

    收起
    展开