1、Chapter 16 Conflict Around the World,The Global Context: Conflict In A Changing World Sociological Theories Of Conflict And War Causes Of War,Chapter 16 Conflict Around the World,Social Problems Associated With War And Militarism Conflict In A Post-cold War Era Strategies For Action: In Search Of Gl
2、obal Peace,Global Conflict and War,Never in recorded history has there been a time when conflict didnt exist. In 2000, conflict existed in about 40 different locations in the world.,War and the Development of Civilization,War resulted in small groups and villages becoming incorporated into larger po
3、litical chiefdoms. Centuries of war between chiefdoms culminated in the development of the state.,U.S. Military Spending,$300 billion in 2001 includes expenditures for: salaries of military personnel research and development weapons veterans benefits other defense-related expenses,Structural-Functio
4、nalist Perspective,Gives members a “common cause” and a common enemy. In short term, war increases employment and stimulates economy. Inspires developments that are useful to civilians.,Conflict Perspective on War,War is the result of antagonisms that emerge when two or more groups struggle for cont
5、rol of resources. War benefits corporate, military, and political elites.,Symbolic Interactionist Perspective,Meanings and definitions influence attitudes and behaviors regarding conflict and war. Attitudes and behaviors that support war develop in childhood. Most world governments preach peace thro
6、ugh strength, rather than strength through peace.,Causes of War,Conflict over Land and Other Natural Resources Conflict over Values and Ideologies Racial and Ethnic Hostilities Defense against Hostile Attacks Revolution Nationalism,Conflict over Values and Ideologies,World War II was largely a war o
7、ver democracy versus fascism. Cold War largely involved conflict over capitalism versus communism. Wars over differing religious beliefs have led to some of the worst episodes of bloodshed in hiistory.,Americans Killed in Wars:,over 53,000 in WWI 292,000 in WWII, 34,000 in Korea 47,000 in Vietnam,So
8、cial Problems of War: Death and Disability,More than a quarter of a million people worldwide have been disabled by landmines. War depletes labor force, creates orphans and single-parent families, and burdens taxpayers who must pay for the care of orphans and disabled war veterans.,Social Problems of
9、 War: Women and Children,Before and during WWII, the Japanese military forced 100,000 to 200,000 women and girls into prostitution as military “comfort women”. Albanian women have been raped by Serbian and Yugoslavian soldiers. Refugee women and female children are vulnerable to sexual abuse and exp
10、loitation.,Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),Symptoms include recurring nightmares, flashbacks, poor concentration. Associated with family violence, alcoholism, divorce, and suicide. Estimate 30% of male veterans of the Vietnam war have experienced PTSD, and about 15% continue to experience it.,
11、Destruction of the Environment,Vietnam: 13 million tons of bombs left 25 million bomb craters. 19 million gallons of herbicides were spread over the countryside. 80% of Vietnams forests and swamplands were destroyed by bulldozing or bombing.,The Gulf War,6,000 bombs were dropped. Iraqi troops set 65
12、0 oil wells on fire. 6-8 million barrels of oil were spilled into the Gulf waters.,Terrorism on the Increase,Acts of terrorism have increased in recent years with a total of 392 in 1999. Defensive strategies include strengthening security. Offensive strategies include retaliatory raids group infiltr
13、ation, and preemptive strikes.,Terrorism: Difficult to Combat,Hackers illegally gain access to classified information on computers. Internet allows groups to coordinate efforts. Globalization provides international markets where terrorists can purchase explosives, guns, electronic equipment, etc.,World Government,Three trends that may lead to world government: Global cooperation in environmental issues. Wealthy countries have supported nations in need. International criminal court has power to condemn those found guilty of war and crimes against humanity.,
