1、Ch 12 Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms,Introduction Parallels to Organic Chemistry Many terms and concepts are the same as in organic mechanisms Complex geometries are more common in inorganic complexes More rearrangements are possible More isomers are possible Not all metal ions react alike; all carbo
2、n atoms doHistory and Goals Werner and Jorgenson discovered many of the basic reactions Experimentation over many years has yielded proposed mechanisms Mechanisms cant be proven, only disproven We cant directly observe individual molecules react Evidence either supports a mechanism or rules it out G
3、oal: synthesize the predicted products by choosing the appropriate reaction conditions. Types of Reactions: Substitution, Oxidation/Reduction, Ligand Reactions,Substitution Reactions Inert and Labile Complexes Labile Complexes = those undergoing substitution with t 1 minute Many analytically useful
4、reactions are labile substitutions Cu(H2O)62+ + NH3 Cu(NH3)4(H2O)22+ + H2O Fe(H2O)63+ + SCN- Fe(H2O)5(SCN)2+ + H2Ob) Lability is generally a function of the metal ion, not the ligands Fe(H2O)5(OH)2+ + H+ Fe(H2O)63+ Fe(H2O)63+ + Cl- Fe(H2O)5Cl2+ Fe(H2O)5Cl2+ + PO43- Fe(H2O)5PO4 Fe(H2O)5PO4 + SCN- Fe(
5、H2O)5(SCN)2+ Fe(H2O)5(SCN)2+ + F- Fe(H2O)5F2+ Often, the reaction happens at the diffusion limit = as soon as the reactants are mixed, they are done reacting. Diffusion = 1011 s-1 Labile Metal ions = those with small or zero LFSE d1, d2, d7, d9, d10 High spin d4-d6,Only d4 d7 metals have differences
6、 between high and low spin,Inert Complexes = those undergoing substitution with t 1 minute Inert doesnt mean unreactive; Inert doesnt mean thermodynamically stable Inert does mean slow to react (also known as Robust) Fe(H2O)5F2+ = labile, but it is very thermodynamically stable Co(NH3)63+ = inert, b
7、ut thermodynamically unstable Inert complexes react slowly, so their products can be isolated and studiedInert metal ions = those with large LFSE d3, low spin d4-d6 “Low spin” (square planar, strong field) d8 e) “High spin” (octahedral, weak field) d8 metals are intermediate in lability The Dissocia
8、tive (D) Substitution Mechanism The mechanism is essentially the same as SN1 in organic chemistry Dissociation of one ligand results in an isolatable (rarely) intermediate The new ligand binds at the open coordination site,2) The kinetic analysis a) The Steady State Hypothesis Intermediates are high
9、 energy species (5-coord metal ion) They react almost as soon as they are formed Their concentrations are small and constant over most of the course of a reaction b) The D rate Law,The Interchange (I) Substitution Mechanism The mechanism involves the incoming ligand (Y) in the rate determining step
10、Y can weakly assist the leaving ligand (X) = Dissociative Interchange (ID) Y can strongly begin bond formation before X leaves = Associative Interchange (IA) The kinetic analysis Assumptions to simplify the analysis Y = very large, Y0 = Y k2 k-1 which means reaction #1 is in equilibrium with K1 = k1
11、/k-1 M0 = ML5X + ML5XYSteady State Equation,Comparison of D and I Rate Laws We can rewrite the I and D rate laws for comparison:If Y is small, both become first order in M and Y For D, we getFor I, we get,3) If Y is large, both become first order expressions For both I and D, we get These similariti
12、es make it difficult to ever tell these two mechanisms apart based on experimental data Usually, we vary the concentration of M, Y, or X to find the order Isolation of ML5 is proof of the D mechanismThe Associative (A) Substitution Mechanism The mechanism is essentially the SN2 mechanism from Organi
13、c chemistry Y and X are both partially bonded to M at the transition state An Intermediate is only rarely isolated Most reaction best fit between D and A, into the ID and IA mechanisms,Experimental Evidence for the Octahedral Substitution Mechanism The usual mechanism for Octahedral complexes is Dis
14、sociation Even if a reaction is thermodynamically downhill, a large Ea will make it slow Thermodynamically uphill reactions wont occur even if Ea is small Ligand Field Activation Energy = LFAE = difference in ligand field stabilization energy between the octahedral complex and the 5-coordinate inter
15、mediate weakly supports the assignment of labile and inert metal ions5) Oxidation State: higher charge = slower reaction due to greater ligand attraction 6) Ionic Radius: smaller ionic radius = slower reaction due to greater ligand attraction 7) Other Evidence for Dissociative Mechanism Incoming lig
16、and identity (Y) has no effect on rate Bulky X increases the rateDVa = volume of activation is positive for octahedral substitutions because one molecule splits into two at the intermediate,LFAE = LFSE(Sq Pyr) LFSE(Oh),The Associative Substitution Mechanism and Octahedral Complexes This mechanism is
17、 sometimes observed, but is rare If the identity of Y influences the rate, that suggests Association If DSa is negative (molecules coming together), that suggests Association,The Conjugate Base Mechanism (SN1CB) of Substitution (May look like A mech.) 1) This mechanism requires a deprotonatable liga
18、nd on the complex (NH3, H2O) It also requires presence of hydroxide OH- (strong base) in aqueous solutions Mechanism:Deprotonation lowers the charge on the complex ion, so X- leaving is easier Evidence H exchange on ammonia ligands is well known RNH2 is faster than NH3, because steric crowding favors dissociation R3N ligands completely stop the reaction (no ionizable protons) 6) The position trans to X is usually the one deprotonated. The trigonal bipyramidal intermediate is more easily achieved.,
