1、Berkeley-Helsinki Summer Course Lecture #1: Course Overview,Randy H. Katz Computer Science Division Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-1776,Outline,Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications
2、and Issues Summary and Conclusions,Outline,Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and Conclusions,What is this Course About?,Emerging, yet still developing, view of a new kind of communications-oriented middleware Rapid development/
3、deployment of new services & apps Delivered to radically different end devices (phone, computer, info appliance) over diverse access networks (PSTN, LAN, Wireless, Cellular, DSL, Cable, Satellite) Exploiting Internet-based technology core: clients/server, applications level routers, TCP/IP protocols
4、, Web/XML formats Beyond traditional “call processing” model: client-proxy-server plus application-level partitioning Built upon a new business model being driven by the evolution of the Internet: traditional “managed” networks and services versus emerging “overlay” networks and services structured
5、on top of and outside of the above,Course Lectures,Berkeley, 29-30 May Course Overview Telecomm Service Architecture Middleware Architecture CORBA/OMG UMTS/3GPP IP Mobility Net Measurement & Monitoring Internet Economics,Espoo, 9, 11 June IP QoS SLAs and Clearing Houses Context Awareness Introspecti
6、on & Adaptation Security in Mobile Computing Service Discovery Protocols Content Distribution Protocols Wrap-up Summary,Edge/Access Networks,“Core” Wide-Area Network,Performance Measurement and Monitoring,Wide-Area Services: Discovery, Mobility, Trust, Availability,Adaptation Services: Introspection
7、, Tacit Information Extraction/Organization,Context-Awareness Services: Activity Tracking/Coordination, Preferences Specification/Interpretation,Prototype Applications: Universal In-Box, Context-Aware UI, Group Collaboration,A Possible Service Architecture,Nokias mPlatform Architecture,Application I
8、nterface,PSTN,GSM,Pager,Access Network Plane,ICEBERG Network Plane,ISP Plane,ISP1,ISP2,ISP3,Clearing House,ICEBERG Architecture,BS,One Operators Viewpoint,Radio Access Network,Core Network,Transport,BS,Spectrum,QoS Cap,Local Radio Access,Capacity On-Demand,Capacity On-Demand,Service Domain,Data Cent
9、er,Data Storage,Processing Cap,Support Systems,Services,HLR,Charging,Apps,3rd Party Apps,Content,Marketing & Sales,Pricing Structure,Distribution,Packaging,Customer Service,Billing,Outline,Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and
10、Conclusions,Technology Trends,Computing Convergence, Divergence, Scale Networks Internet vs. Telephone Network Wireless/Mobile Access Services E-commerce, M-commerce, Content Architecture Integrated (“Closed”) vs. Composed (“Open”) Content, Distribution, Access Architecture Managed vs. Overlay Netwo
11、rks and Services Competitive vs. Cooperative Service Providers,Convergence?,Red Herring, 10/99,Game Consoles Personal Digital Assistants Digital VCRs (TiVo, ReplayTV) Communicators Smart Telephones E-Toys (Furby, Aibo),Divergence!,Red Herring, 10/99,Proliferation of diverse end devices and access ne
12、tworks,Convergence: Post-PC,Not about gadgets or access technologies About services and applications Increasing, not decreasing, diversity Enabled by computing embedded in communications fabric,The Shape of Things Now,Siemens SL45 A cellular phone with voice command, voice dialing, intelligent text
13、for short messages An MP3 player & headset A digital voice recorder Supports “Mobile Internet” with a built-in WAP Browser Can store 45 minutes of music 5 hours of voice notes “Unlimited” addresses/phone numbers,The Shape of Things Now,Kyocera QCP 6035 Palm OS/CDMA Palm PIM Applications Supports “Mo
14、bile Internet” with a built-in WAP Browser 8 MBytes,Societal-Scale Systems,New System Architectures New Enabled Applications Diverse, Connected, Physical, Virtual, Fluid,MEMS BioMonitoring,What is the Internet? “Its the TCP/IP Protocol Stack”,Applications Web Email Video/Audio TCP/IP Access Technolo
15、gies Ethernet (LAN) Wireless (LMDS, WLAN, Cellular) Cable ADSL Satellite,TCP/IP,Applications,Access Technologies,“Narrow Waist”,Transport Services and Representation Standards,Open Data Network Bearer Service,Middleware Services,Network Technology Substrate,Telephony Evolution,Mobility/Wireless driv
16、ing end-to-end digitization of the telephony system Shift towards IP-based infrastructure (e.g., Motorola + CISCO) Converged Services AT&T Cell Phone, Telephone, ISP, Video on Demand (Cable) Universal Billing Systems Sprint: $0.05/min local/long distance, wired/wireless Computer-Telephony Integratio
17、n Call Centers, Software-based PBXs, PSTN By-Pass Consumer-to-Business E-commerce (e.g., Lands End) Speech-Enabled Services (e.g., “Concierge”),Internet vs. Telephone Net,Strengths Intelligence at ends Decentralized control Operates over heterogeneous access technologies Weaknesses No differential s
18、ervice Variable performance delay New functions difficult to add since end nodes must be upgraded No trusted infrastructure,Strengths No end-point intelligence Heterogeneous devices Excellent voice performance Weaknesses Achieves performance by overallocating resources Difficult to add new services
19、to “Intelligent Network” due to complex call model Expensive approach for reliability,Wireless Access Technologies,Broadband Wireless data poised to take off High degree of diversity among access technologies Convergence of consumer and business needs,Wireless Local Area Networks,Design Space of Ter
20、restrial Wireless Performance,Mbps,0.01,0.1,1,10,100,Office or Room,Building,Indoors,Stationary,Walking,Outdoors,Vehicle,Jupiter Communications: “Internet Everywhere”,Access Networks: One View (21 million I-Mode users?),Only 15% of personal consumer devices will be able to access Internet within 5 y
21、ears (embedded micro-browser and e-mail client) 5 years: Internet access remains a niche for mobile access 10 years: Internet access becomes ubiquitous Placed-based vs. passenger-based vs. personal access BUT 50% of US hotel rooms will have Internet access within 5 years! Situational and time sensit
22、ive services will dominate (directions, maps, e-mail, weather information, traffic updates) 2007: 7 million autos equipped with driver information systems,Source: CTIA Web Page Peter D. Hart Research Associates, March 1997,After basic wireless telephony service,Cellular Services Most Often Requested
23、,Call Forwarding 37% Paging 33% Internet/E-Mail 24% Traffic/Weather 15% Conference Calling 13% News 3%,Back Link Channel (Phone, Cable Line),Back Link Channel (Cellular / PCS Network),Multimedia Data Sources,Satellite Broadcast Networks,Internet,NOC,Back Link (Satellite Phone),Media Browser,Media Br
24、owser,Media Browser,Media Stream,Request,Request,Request,Characteristics . Broadcast . Bandwidth on-demand . Ubiquitous,Satellite Technology,Services and Applications: E-Commerce,Consumer Services Consumer-driven QoS: improved Web access “experience” Converged digital video + web content (e.g., HVML
25、) Unified billing: pay-per-view movie plus ad-induced pizza purchase Content delivery: file mover/software upgrades/digital audio/video Infrastructure storage: back-up, photos, mp3s, videos, TV tapings Consumer-to-Business Services Web-based + (IP-based) Telephone New kinds of integrated call center
26、s: e.g., Lands End M-Commerce Location-sensitive ad insertion Unified billing for telecom access + purchases,Outline,Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and Conclusions,Internet Evolution,Network “Cloud”,Regional Net,Regional Net
27、s + Backbone,Regional Net,Regional Net,Regional Net,Regional Net,Regional Net,Backbone,LAN,LAN,LAN,ISP,Backbones + NAPs + ISPs,ISP,ISP,ISP,Business ISP,Consumer ISP,LAN,LAN,LAN,NAP,NAP,Backbones,Dial-up,Core Networks,Covad,Core Networks + Access Networks,home,ISP,Cingular,Sprint,AOL,LAN,LAN,LAN,NAP,
28、Dial-up,DSL Always on,NAP,Cable Head Ends,Cell,Cell,Cell,Satellite Fixed Wireless,Covad,Computers Inside the Core,home,ISP,Cingular,Sprint,AOL,LAN,LAN,LAN,NAP,Dial-up,DSL Always on,NAP,Cable Head Ends,Cell,Cell,Cell,Satellite Fixed Wireless,Outline,Course Content Technology Trends Evolution of the I
29、nternet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and Conclusions,Emerging Internet Service Business Model,Applications (Portals, E-Commerce, E-Tainment, Media),A New Kind of Internet,Customer J,Content,Open vs. Closed Access to Services,Routing & Distribution,Local Network Management,Access,C
30、losed end-to-end pipe: optimized performance But companies developing compelling infrastructure technology that any content provider or ISP can adopt Closed system cant benefit from these,Context for Cooperation Among Service Providers,Huge Expense of 3G Mobile Telecomms Infrastructures European spe
31、ctrum auctions: 50 billion ECU and counting Capital outlays likely to match spectrum expenses, all before the first ECU of revenue! Wireless operators in complex web of business relationships and partial ownerships of networks around the world Compelling motivation for collaborative deployment of wi
32、reless infrastructure Happening already several places in Europe & Asia Same for cooperative service infrastructure? Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) Internet transport providers vigorously complete But some cooperation also emerging: Content Dissemination Alliances,Any Way to Build a Network?
33、,Partitioning of frequencies independent of actual subscriber density Successful operator oversubscribe resources, while less popular providers retain excess capacity Different flavor of roaming: among collocated/competing service providing Duplicate antenna sites Serious problem given community res
34、istance Redundant backhaul networks Limited economies of scale,The Case for Horizontal Architectures,“The new rules for success will be to provide one part of the puzzle and to cooperate with other suppliers to create the complete solutions that customers require. . Vertical integration breaks down
35、when innovation speeds up. The big telecoms firms that will win back investor confidence soonest will be those with the courage to rip apart their monolithic structure along functional layers, to swap size for speed and to embrace rather than fear disruptive technologies.” The Economist Magazine, 16
36、 December 2000,Feasible Alternative: Horizontal Competition vs. Vertical Integration,Service Operators “own” the customer, provide “brand”, issue/collect the bills Independent Backhaul Operators Independent Antenna Site Operators Independent Owners of the Spectrum Microscale auctions/leases of netwo
37、rk resources Emerging concept of Virtual Operators,Internet (Multiservice Provider today),PSTN Network (Multiservice Provider today),Backhaul Network,Access Network,Backhaul Network,Access Network,Business as Usual: Vertical Integration,Each operator owns own frequencies, cell sites, backhaul networ
38、k,PBMS,Sprint,Access Network,Business Unusual: Horizontal Competition,Internet,PSTN Network,Backhaul Network,Access Network,Backhaul Network,Sprint “leases” frequencies from PBMS, on-demand, based on the density of its subscribers,“Mom&Pop” Cell Site Operators,Virtual Operator,MVNO: Virgin Mobile an
39、d One2One in UK Distinguish based on marketing and billing plan innovations VM competes for subscribers but uses One2Ones network “Operators without subscribers”: local premises deploy own access infrastructure Better coverage/more rapid build out of network Deployments in airports, hotels, conferen
40、ce centers, office buildings, campuses, Overlay service provider (e.g., PBMS) vs. organizational service provider (e.g., UCB IS&T) Single bill/settle with service participants Support for confederated/virtual devices Mini-BS for cellular/data + WLAN for high rate data,Outline,Course Content Technolo
41、gy Trends Evolution of the Internet Business Trends Implications and Issues Summary and Conclusions,What will be the Next Generation of Driving Applications?,Location-aware/context-aware information delivery and presentation Extends UniIn-Box: loc-based, exploits calendar info Mediation to translate
42、 formats IP Telephony, Packet VoD, Teleconferencing Streaming media, multicast-based Bandwidth, latency, jitter, lose rate constraints Clearinghouse provisioning Event Delivery for Distributed Applications Performance/reliability constrained messaging Management of Content Delivery Networks, Distrib
43、uted Service architecture? Interactive Games? Distributed Storage (OceanStore)? Telemetry?,What Will Be the Next Generation Operational Environment?,Virtual Operators/Service Provider (VOSP) Provide service to end users with no server/network infrastructure of own Independent “Path” providers (e.g.,
44、 ISPs) and Server providers (e.g., Internet Data Centers) Many-to-many relationship between VOSP and Path/Server Providers Confederated Service Provider Service-level peering: sharing of paths and servers to deploy end-to-end service with performance and reliability constraints Note: Akamai runs “th
45、e worlds largest service network” without owning a network!,Alternative Operational Environments,Confederation Model Providers share (limited) information about topology, server location, path performance Cooperatively collect internal information and share Overlay Model Reverse-engineer topology an
46、d intra-cloud performance Collection done by brokers outside of the cloud SLAs, Verification, Maintenance of Trust Relationships different in the two models Is there an operational/performance advantage to the Confederation Model?,Open Issues/Questions,Traditional Overlay Networks Server (“Applicati
47、on Level Router”) Placement For scaling, reliability, load balancing, latency Where? Network topology discovery: WAN Core, Metro/Regional, Access Networks Choice of Inter-Server “Paths” For server-to-server latency/bandwidth/loss rate Predictable/verifiable network performance (intra-ISP SLA) Redire
48、ction Mechanisms Random, round-robin, load-informed redirection Net vs. server as bottleneck,Open Issues/Questions,Performance-constrained Service Placement Separation of Service, Server, Service Path Assume “Server Centers” known, can be “discovered” (how does OceanStore deal with this?), or regist
49、er with a Service Placement Service (SPS) How is Service named, described, performance constraints expressed, and registered? How is app/service-specific performance measured and made known to Service Placement Service? Brokering between Server Centers and Service Creator, Path Provider and Service Creator If core network bandwidth becomes infinite and “free”, does it matter where services are placed? Latency reduction vs. economies of centralized management,
