欢迎来到麦多课文档分享! | 帮助中心 海量文档,免费浏览,给你所需,享你所想!
麦多课文档分享
全部分类
  • 标准规范>
  • 教学课件>
  • 考试资料>
  • 办公文档>
  • 学术论文>
  • 行业资料>
  • 易语言源码>
  • ImageVerifierCode 换一换
    首页 麦多课文档分享 > 资源分类 > PPT文档下载
    分享到微信 分享到微博 分享到QQ空间

    BA 187 International Trade.ppt

    • 资源ID:378792       资源大小:114KB        全文页数:18页
    • 资源格式: PPT        下载积分:2000积分
    快捷下载 游客一键下载
    账号登录下载
    微信登录下载
    二维码
    微信扫一扫登录
    下载资源需要2000积分(如需开发票,请勿充值!)
    邮箱/手机:
    温馨提示:
    如需开发票,请勿充值!快捷下载时,用户名和密码都是您填写的邮箱或者手机号,方便查询和重复下载(系统自动生成)。
    如需开发票,请勿充值!如填写123,账号就是123,密码也是123。
    支付方式: 支付宝扫码支付    微信扫码支付   
    验证码:   换一换

    加入VIP,交流精品资源
     
    账号:
    密码:
    验证码:   换一换
      忘记密码?
        
    友情提示
    2、PDF文件下载后,可能会被浏览器默认打开,此种情况可以点击浏览器菜单,保存网页到桌面,就可以正常下载了。
    3、本站不支持迅雷下载,请使用电脑自带的IE浏览器,或者360浏览器、谷歌浏览器下载即可。
    4、本站资源下载后的文档和图纸-无水印,预览文档经过压缩,下载后原文更清晰。
    5、试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓。

    BA 187 International Trade.ppt

    1、1,BA 187 International Trade,Krugman & Obstfeld, Chapter 10 Trade Policy & Developing Countries,2,An Overview of Developing Countries,3,Lesser Developed Countries (LDCs),LDCs are not a homogeneous group Fourth World vs. Third World Countries Fourth World countries are LDCs whose living standards are

    2、 very low (sub-Saharan, Nepal, India) Second World vs. First World Countries Second World countries are previously non-market economies of central and Eastern Europe which exhibit characteristics of LDCs. Low Income - Per capita Incomes $2,900 Upper-Middle Income - $ 2901 $8,955,4,Characteristics of

    3、 LDCs vs Others,Source: World Bank, World Development Report 1996.,5,Trade and LDCs vs Others,Source: World Bank, World Development Report 1996.,6,Trade & Development,7,Static vs. Dynamic Effects of Trade,Static Effects of Trade on Development Developed in Standard Trade Model. Mutual Gains by speci

    4、alizing in goods with comparative advantage. For LDCs this should expand sectors that are labor-intensive. Primary effect to reduce unemployment, not raise real wage. Trade acts as “vent for surplus” labor. Possible problems Greater instability in income if inelastic demand, undesirable terms of tra

    5、de effects from export expansion. Dynamic Effects of Trade on Development Infant industry argument if economies of scale & cost advantage. Free trade has positive antitrust effects, increased investment, dissemination of technology, & builds market institutions. Assumes export sector is linked to re

    6、st of economy. If not, economy may develop export “growth poles” that do not spillover.,8,Problems in Trade and Development,LDC Export Instability,9,Export Instability,Export Instability: Export earnings of LDCs fluctuate more than export earnings of Developed Countries. Problem given high degree of

    7、 openness of LDCs, so export variability leads to GNP variability which is undesirable. Causes of Export Instability: All reasons associated with fact that LDC exports more heavily concentrated in primary products than manufactures. Agriculture products have inelastic supply, fluctuations in demand

    8、lead to large swings in export prices and revenues. Primary products are necessities or inputs with inelastic demand, supply changes lead to large swings in export prices and revenues. LDC export bundle has high degree of commodity concentration. Lack of export diversity exposes LDC income to indust

    9、ry variations.,10,Causes of Export Instability,11,Several policies have been tried by LDCs to stabilize their export earnings. None has been very successful. International Commodity Agreements (ICAs) International Buffer Stock Agreements: If world price falls below set floor, international agency en

    10、ters market and buys good until floor attained. If world price rises above set ceiling price, agency sells good. International Export Quota Agreements: Producer Cartel chooses target sale price, forecasts demand, sets quantity produced to achieve target price. Prodn quotas adjusted if demand fluctua

    11、tes to keep target price. Compensatory Financing: If export earnings fall below some forecast level, international agency (IMF) extends short-term loan, repaid later,Policies to Stabilize Export Earnings,12,LDCs have been enthusiastic users of ICAs. Problems with ICAs in practice fall into two categ

    12、ories. Are effective ICAs possible? Crucial for buffer stocks are levels of ceiling & floor prices . If this price range does not include LR free-market equilibrium world price then agreement will not be sustainable. Crucial for export quotas are ability to forecast demand and for agreement to contr

    13、ol all exporters of the good. Are ICAs desirable? ICAs may reduce export earnings and welfare of producing countries. Crucial whether price changes due to variations in supply or demand. If price changes from demand shifts then ICAs can hurt nation. If price changes from supply shifts then ICAs can

    14、help nation.,Problems with ICAs in Practice,13,Problems in Trade and Development,LR Decline in LDC Terms of Trade,14,LR Decline in LDC Terms of Trade,Alleged there is persistent tendency for LDCs terms of trade (TOT) to fall over time. Prebisch-Singer hypothesis from statistical studies in 1950s. In

    15、ferences invalid due to measurement error in terms of trade (exports f.o.b./imports c.i.f.) and quality changes in manufactures. Recent evidence mixed, more primary product price declines. Reasons for Alleged LR Decline in LDC TOT Differing income elasticities of demand for primary versus manufactur

    16、ed products. Unequal market power in product and factor markets, particularly oligopoly pricing in manufactures. Technical change has reduced demand growth for primary products. Multi-national corporations (MNCs) worsen through transfer pricing when LDCs have restrictions on repatriating profits.,15

    17、,Policies to Stop LDCs Declining TOT,Export Diversification LDCs should diversify into manufactured exports to reduce volatility of export earnings based only on primary products. Difficult to do. Export Cartels Use monopoly power to increase export price of commodity. Requires no substitutes for go

    18、od & no exporters cheat on cartel price. Also Need Demand inelastic, both in SR and LR. Import and Export Restrictions Generally require country to be “large” for significant effect on TOT. Economic Integration Projects LDCs may form free-trade areas or common markets among selves or with both LDCs

    19、and Developed Countries Increase trade between, develop unified presence in world markets, facilitate transfer of technology and capital.,16,Inward vs. Outward Looking Strategies,Appropriate trade strategy for an LDC? Inward-Looking Strategy Emphasizes import-substitution, attempts to withdraw from

    20、trade. May work if economies of scale in import substitutes or infant industry argument for potential exports. Outward-Looking Strategy Emphasizes increase international trade from comparative advantage. Focus is on efficient allocation of factors in prodn. May also involve export-promotion policies

    21、. Empirical Results Economic performance of outward-oriented economies braodly superior to that of inward-oriented economies in terms of avg. growth in real GDP, per capita GDP, income distn but not inflation.,17,Problems in Trade and Development,Economic Dualism,18,Economic Dualism,Dual Economy Dev

    22、eloping economy that is divided into two sectors with significantly different levels of development. Generally think of a modern (high wage, high value output per worker, capital-intensive) vs. a traditional sector. Reasons for Dualism Markets within the economy are working poorly, particularly fact

    23、or markets. Wage differentials argument combined with high urban unemployment. Import-substitution trade policies can aggravate dualism. Capital-intensity of import-substituting industries lead to wage differential. Export-promoting trade policies can cause dualism if export sector disconnected from rest of domestic economy (growth pole).,


    注意事项

    本文(BA 187 International Trade.ppt)为本站会员(fatcommittee260)主动上传,麦多课文档分享仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知麦多课文档分享(点击联系客服),我们立即给予删除!




    关于我们 - 网站声明 - 网站地图 - 资源地图 - 友情链接 - 网站客服 - 联系我们

    copyright@ 2008-2019 麦多课文库(www.mydoc123.com)网站版权所有
    备案/许可证编号:苏ICP备17064731号-1 

    收起
    展开