1、AP Psychology,Intro To Psychology,What is psychology all about?,Memory Stress Therapy Love Persuasion Hypnosis Perception Death Conformity Creativity,Learning Personality Aging Intelligence Sexuality Emotion happiness menal illness Sensation Biological elements Treatment of disorders,Psychology,Psyc
2、h is a science and a profession- Uses Scientific collection/observation of data In order to answer questions about behavior. “Scientific Study of behavior and mental processes.”To answer questions about the mind and behavior.Psychologists try to solve problems.,Psychologists,Describe (observe) Under
3、stand Behavior (Causes) Predict (Forecast) Control,Behavior,Is anything you do, eating, sleeping, talking (Psychology endeavors to explain behavior, causes, motivations)Overt behavior- Observable actions & responses Covert behavior- Private internal activities (thinking remembering),Psychologists/Re
4、searchers,Use Scientific Method- Observation Hypotheses Gather evidence Test hypotheses Publish Results Look for cause and effect relationships in for behavior,Approaches to Psychology (AP Outline),Biological Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic Psychodynamic Socio-cultural Evolutionary,History of Psych:
5、 Family Album,1879- Wilhelm Wundt- “Father of Psychology”Identified Introspection (looking inward) as a way to understand sensation, feelings, images, personal experiencesUsed experimental self-observation- made psychology a science,History of Psych: Family Album,1880s Edward Titchener Followed up W
6、undts ideas and found Structuralism- “of the mind” A structure of mental life, “building blocks” Identified parts of the mind. Will later be discredited,History of Psych: Family Album,1890- William James- founded Functionalism- “of the mind” Questioned, how the mind helped us survive, adapt- habits,
7、 perceptions, emotions, related to survival? Adapt, consciousness,Behaviorism,The study of observable behavior 1958- John B. Watson- Rejected introspection Believed in observing behavior Stimuli: i.e., environmental aspects Responses: muscles, glands Believed in Pavlovs experiments with dogs- concep
8、t of Classical Conditioning to explain behavior (1849,Behaviorism,B. F. Skinner- 1950s Ignored the role of thinking and mental processes Found environmental factors Reward = positive reinforcers Related to learning Found laws of behavior apply to animals and humans,“Skinner Box”,Used experiments to
9、study behavior of rats Operant Conditioning- “A behavioral response has an environmental outcome” Push a button -get some food.,Cognitive Behaviorism,Behavior Modification,Uses conditioning principles Concept says, problems are the product of learned habits Learned habits can be un-learned by behavi
10、oral methods. Stimulus and response,Gestalt Psychology= Max Wertheimer,Said it was a “mistake to analyze psychological events into pieces.” “the whole pattern or form” German Approach to psychology where the whole of psychology is used to understand behavior.Uses thinking, learning, problem solving,
11、 social behavior, and perception to understand behavior“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”,Neo-Freudians,Psychoanalytical- exploring the unconscious causes of behavior Adler Horney Jung Rank Erikson,Humanistic Psychology,Tries to understand subjective human experience Problems, ideals
12、and potentials Carl Roger and Abraham Maslow Stress free will= choice Not deterministic Environment does impact behavior but people can improve Attainment of needs are the basis of healthy psych,Humanistic,Each of us is motivated by needs. Needs for- love, self esteem, belonging,Eclectic Psychology,
13、Psychodynamic Behavioristic Humanistic Cognitive Bio-psychological,Psycho-Dynamic Psychology,Cultural Issues in Psychology,Psychology is dependent on culture Cultural Relativity: Behavior that is acceptable in one culture may be abnormal in another. Social Norms- impact the view of behavior. Rules t
14、hat define acceptable behavior,Cognitive Psychology,Study- Problems Solving Thinking processes Know and why Consciousness Mental Processes Perceptions Memory,Scientific Method,Making observations Defining a problem Proposing a hypothesis Gathering evidence/testing the hypothesis Naturalistic Observa
15、tion, Survey, Experiments Publishing results Theory building,Research Methods in Psychology (AP Outline),Experiential Correlational Experimental Statistics Ethics in Research,Observer Effect,Observer Effect: Problem when subjects are aware of the observation, behavior may be influenced. Example: Peo
16、ple being observed for study habits when they know they are being observed will tend to do more (thus changing their behavior, which will skew the study),Observation Bias,Problem when researchers consciously or inadvertently influence the collection of data or observations. Example: Researcher is tr
17、ying to proove their theory by shaping the collection of data.,Anthropomorphic Error or fallacy,Error in identifying human attributes to animalsExample: identifying thoughts, feelings to behavior of animals,Correlational Studies,Studies that try to isolate behavior causation and the relationship bet
18、ween variablesFinds the degree of relationship between two variables or traits.Results of data are expressed or reported in a Coefficient of Correlation,Coefficient of Correlation,Data that determines association of at least two variables Expressed: If 0 = then association is nonexistent or weak If
19、+1.00 = Perfect Positive Correlation= Increase in one trait correlates to increase in other. If -1.00 = Perfect Negative = increase in trait and decrease in the other trait,Experimental Psychology,Used to answer the why questions in psychExperiments are formal trials to confirm or disconfirm hypothe
20、sis,Typical Experiment,2 groups of subjects Experimental Group- exposed to the independent variable* that is being analyazed. AKA the cause of the behavior. Control Group: exposed to all the conditions except the independent variable. Provides a reference for comparison, isolates the impact of indep
21、endent variable (the item being investigated),*Variable= is any condition that can change and might effect the outcome of the experiment.,3 Types of Experiment Variables,Independent Variables Suspected cause of behavior Conditions altered by experimenter Dependent Variables Measures the results of e
22、xperiment Reveals the effects of Independent variable on behavior Extraneous Variable Outside variable the researcher try to exclude from consideration,How can results of a study be evaluated?,Experiments that are labeled “Statistically significant” are studies that are reliable, because the indepen
23、dent variable will rarely occur by chance.Replicating Results indicate reliability of studies.,Meta-Analysis,Multiple studies are combined to determine overall trends,Placebo Effect,Drug studies may be influenced by suggestion The act of taking a pill or injection may influence behavior= psychosomat
24、ic reaction. Expectation may be a factor To control the Placebo effect- single blind and double blind experiments could be used.,Single Blind and Double Blind,Single Blind- participants do not know if they are receiving a placebo or the drugDouble Blind- Neither the subject or the patient know who h
25、as the drug or placebo,Clinical Studies,Single Subject person In-depth study of all aspects of a single subject (not an experiment)Example of Phineas Gage- http:/ Dr. John Martyn Harlow arrived, Phineas was conscious and had a regular heartbeat, and both of his pupils reacted to light normally. He w
26、as reported to be “in full possession of his reason, and free from pain.“ He was under the care of Dr. Harlow for ten weeks, at which point he was sent home to Lebanon, New Hampshire. But while he was recovering, the doctor noted some changes in the mans demeanor and personality. People who had know
27、n him before the accident described him as hard-working, responsible, and popular with his workers, but after the traumatic injury, Phineas Gage was not the same man. In regards to his patient, Dr. Harlow wrote:Gage was fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity (which was not
28、previously his custom), manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires, at times pertinaciously obstinate, yet capricious and vacillating, devising many plans of future operations, which are no sooner arranged than they are aband
29、oned in turn for others appearing more feasible. A child in his intellectual capacity and manifestations, he has the animal passions of a strong man. Previous to his injury, although untrained in the schools, he possessed a well-balanced mind, and was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd, s
30、mart businessman, very energetic and persistent in executing all his plans of operation. In this regard his mind was radically changed, so decidedly that his friends and acquaintances said he was no longer Gage.,Survey Methods,Polling psychological questions Problem of wording- questions mus be clea
31、r and appropriate Pre-testing- questions may help insure good questions Sampling- representative sample- a small group represents the larger population Courtesy bias or Social desirability- people dont respond truthfully when talking about some sensitive questions. Race and Gender bias- can skew results,Ethics in Psychology,Do not harm Describe risks to subjects Voluntary participation Minimize discomfort Maintain confidentiality No invasion of privacy Use deception only when necessary Debrief on events Provide results and interpretations Treat participants with dignity and respect,
