1、Above the Clouds A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing,1,UC Berkeley RAD Lab,Outline,What is it? Why now? Cloud killer apps Economics for users Economics for providers Challenges and opportunities Implications,2,What is Cloud Computing?,Old idea: Software as a Service (SaaS) Def: delivering application
2、s over the Internet Recently: “Hardware, Infrastrucuture, Platform as a service” Poorly defined so we avoid all “X as a service” Utility Computing: pay-as-you-go computing Illusion of infinite resources No up-front cost Fine-grained billing (e.g. hourly),3,Why Now?,Experience with very large datacen
3、ters Unprecedented economies of scale Other factors Pervasive broadband Internet Fast x86 virtualization Pay-as-you-go billing model Standard software stack,4,Spectrum of Clouds,Instruction Set VM (Amazon EC2, 3Tera) Bytecode VM (Microsoft Azure) Framework VM Google AppEngine, F,EC2,Azure,AppEngine,
4、F,Lower-level, Less management,Higher-level, More management,5,Cloud Killer Apps,Mobile and web applications Extensions of desktop software Matlab, Mathematica Batch processing / MapReduce Oracle at Harvard, Hadoop at NY Times,6,Economics of Cloud Users,Pay by use instead of provisioning for peak,St
5、atic data center,Data center in the cloud,7,Unused resources,Economics of Cloud Users,Risk of over-provisioning: underutilization,Static data center,8,Economics of Cloud Users,Heavy penalty for under-provisioning,Lost revenue,Lost users,9,Economics of Cloud Providers,5-7x economies of scale Hamilton
6、 2008Extra benefits Amazon: utilize off-peak capacity Microsoft: sell .NET tools Google: reuse existing infrastructure,10,Adoption Challenges,11,Growth Challenges,12,Policy and Business Challenges,13,Short Term Implications,Startups and prototyping One-off tasks Washington post, NY Times Cost associativity for scientific applications Research at scale,14,Long Term Implications,Application software: Cloud & client parts, disconnection tolerance Infrastructure software: Resource accounting, VM awareness Hardware systems: Containers, energy proportionality,15,
