1、A Framework for ICT Use to Combat Administrative Corruption,Subhash Bhatnagar Advisor eGovernment, ISGIA, World Bank, Washington DC sbhatnagarworldbank.org(Adjunct Professor Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad) Subhashiimahd.ernet.in,Presentation Structure,Types of administrative corruption an
2、d consequences of corruption Generic problems that lead to administrative corruption and some solutions Examples of ICT use with impact on corruption ICT use how does it help? Key design elements of different types of ICT interventions What are the critical success factors in sustaining impact on co
3、rruption?,Consequences of Administrative Corruption,Largest cost is borne by the poor and the honest Raises cost of doing business for SMEs by 20% Irritant to investors, impedes FDI flows Loss of revenue to Government Disincentive to honest and efficient employees and citizens Petty corruption can b
4、e organized to collect funds for politicians and leads to corruption in hiring and transfers. Increases tolerance for corruption; penalizing the honest; society begins to accept a perverse incentive system Increases tolerance for corruption; penalizing the honest; society begins to accept a perverse
5、 incentive system Erodes TRUST in Government institutions,Types of Corruption in Government to Citizen Contact,Administrative corruption Service is denied unless bribe is paid Service is delayed unless bribe is paid Collusion (both parties gain at the expense of Government) Favored allocation when m
6、ismatch between supply and demand Lower valuation by Tax collection agencies Waiving of penalties and fines Tempering government records to provide unfair advantage Extortion Law enforcers, tax collectors make patently unreasonable demands to extort a bribe,Administrative Corruption: Some Generic Pr
7、oblems,Complex rules-need for intermediaries Discretion to delay or deny without assigning reasons- speed money Incentive for collusion-both parties benefit at the expense of government/society Decisions and actions are not traceable. citizens have no access to information Lack of supervision in rem
8、ote areas-problems of decentralization Large power distance between civil servants and citizens-afraid to assert and complain Poor mechanisms of complaint handling. Documentation is weak for any investigation Weak investigation, slow judicial system-small chance of punishment Government is usually t
9、he monopoly service provider. Mismatch in demand and supplyhealth and education,Anti-corruption Initiatives,Preventing administrative corruption Process redesign: efficiency, simplification (need for agents), gate keeper role, discretion, lack of transparency and accountability Prevent face to face
10、contact between officials and agents Challenge: nexus between Politicians, Businessmen and officials Detecting Corruption Complaint handling, whistle blower protection Investigating agencies: independence, competence and efficiency Sanction/prosecution corruption and related offences Legislative cha
11、nges Weak Institutions-Judiciary Active public involvement in the fight against corruption Raising awareness about corruption and reforms Public scrutiny and access to information Organizing citizens to create a voice,Applications with Some Impact on Corruption,Making forms available online Land Rec
12、ords-BHOOMI, Property Registration in India Railway Reservation System in India Municipalities in Seoul (OPEN), LAC countries, India Weigh and Pay- milk and garbage collection, fines for trucks E-procurement:Mexico,Philippines,Bulgaria,Chile Tax collection at State/ Federal and Local Levels Customs
13、on-line: India, Philippines, Jamaica ICT use in Lok Ayuktas Office in Karnataka Admissions processing, teachers transfers CVC Web site(India), CRISTAL(Argentina),examination results, land allotment results. Loan Defaulters,How Does ICT Use Help?,Introduces transparency in data, decisions/actions, ru
14、les, procedures and performance of Govt. agencies Automates processes-less discretion, less delay Entry point for simplification of rules and reengineering Makes decisions traceable- tracks actions Builds accountability- greater access to information through web publishing-role of civil society Prov
15、ides documentation to citizens for follow up Introduces competition amongst delivery channels Standardized documentation of comments/ objections leads to effective supervision- through comparative indicators Centralizes and integrates data for better audit and analysis. Enables unbiased sampling for
16、 audit purposes,Key Outcomes of ICT Interventions,Automation and Process Reform Reduce delay, less discretion, less mistakes, minimize face to face contact MIS and its use by supervisors and audit Detect corruption, investigate, enhance accountability, improve processes Sharing information with publ
17、ic Builds transparency and trust, supports complaint process, enables tracking, enhances accountability, involves civil society, deterrent Complaint handling Use of SMS, detection, builds trust,Different levels of transparency in Government functioning,Feedback & Complaint Handling Improved monitori
18、ng systems Simplify rules & procedures Sharing information,Client / beneficiary of the service Lack of organization for demanding improvements,Organizational Providers Lack of resources & poor management Lack of innovation Corruption in appointment and transfers,Politicians and Policy makers Cliente
19、lism Personnel policies Corruption in appointment and transfers,Frontline Providers Lack of skills and motivation,Civil society action Surveys of performance Citizens charters,Access to information, transparency in expenditures Transparency in G2G transactions Anticorruption enforcement,Grievance re
20、dressal Tools for activity planning Reducing unproductive time in data recording Reducing discretion Efficiency in processing transactions,Feedback & complaint handling,Organizational providers Lack of resources & poor management Lack of innovative delivery practices,Politicians & policymakers,Front
21、line providers,Access to info (transparency) on expenditures Transparency in G2G transactions Reports that help reform policies,ICT Applications in Service Delivery,Reasons for Marginal Impact on Corruption,Privileged citizen seldom experience poor service Lack of motivation at the top to root out c
22、orruption Weak monitoring and supervision ICT can not be the only tool. Needs to be implemented in a context of multi-pronged action Processes not reengineered adequately-continued lack of transparency Insufficient education and awareness of citizens Inadequate complaint handling mechanisms,ICT Proj
23、ects: Critical Success Factors,Strong Political and Administrative Leadership Clearly identified goals and benefits Significant Process Reengineering Required Both simple and complex applications can be effective In-source Analysis ; Outsource design, software development, data preparation, training
24、, etc. Detailed Project Management Tackling vested interest-management of change Training Expenses should not be minimized Evaluating success is difficult. Need for systematic evaluation,Enablers of e-Government,20 % Technology35 % Business Process Reengineering40 % Change Management5% Luck !,Technology,Process,People,
