1、Designation: F1461 17Standard Practice forChemical Protective Clothing Program1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1461; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is intended to promote the properselection, use, maintenance, and understanding of the limita-tions of chemical protective clothing (CPC)
3、 by users,employers, employees, and other persons involved in programsrequiring CPC, thereby limiting potentially harmful and un-necessary skin exposures.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
4、his standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the De
5、cision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F739 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing
6、 Materials under Conditions ofContinuous ContactF903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by LiquidsF1001 Guide for Selection of Chemicals to Evaluate Protec-tive Clothing MaterialsF1052 Test Method for Pressure Testing Vapor ProtectiveSuitsF1154 Practice
7、s for Qualitatively Evaluating the Comfort,Fit, Function, and Durability of Protective Ensembles andEnsemble ComponentsF1194 Guide for Documenting the Results of ChemicalPermeation Testing of Materials Used in Protective Cloth-ingF1383 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protectiv
8、e Clothing Materials under Conditions ofIntermittent ContactF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective ClothingF2588 Test Method for Man-In-Simulant Test (MIST) forProtective Ensembles2.2 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 1991 Vapor-Protective Ensembles for Hazardous Ma-terials EmergenciesNFPA 1992 Liquid Splash-P
9、rotective Ensembles and Cloth-ing for Hazardous Materials EmergenciesNFPA 1994 Protective Ensembles for First Responders toCBRN Terrorism Incidents2.3 ISO Standard:4ISO 16602 Protective Clothing for Protection AgainstChemicalsClassification, Labeling, and PerformanceRequirements3. Terminology3.1 Def
10、initions:3.1.1 analytical detection limit, na number, expressed inunits of concentration (or amount), that describes the lowestconcentration level (or amount) that an analyst can determineto be different from an analytical blank (background level).3.1.2 biological monitoring, nthe chemical analysis
11、ofchemicals or metabolites, or both, from a workers blood,urine, fingernails, sweat, breath, and so forth.3.1.3 buddy system, na means of organizing employeework groups whereby each participant is matched with anotherso that prompt assistance can be rendered in the case of anyemergency.3.1.4 chemica
12、l protective clothing (CPC), nan item ofclothing that is specifically designed and constructed for theintended purpose of isolating all or part of the body from achemical hazard.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the dir
13、ect responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F1461 12. DOI:10.1520/F1461-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact A
14、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from Int
15、ernational Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international
16、standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13
17、.1.5 decontamination, nthe reduction, removal, or neu-tralization of contaminant or contaminants from protectiveclothing to safely permit the protective clothing to be doffed(taken off), or reused, or discarded.3.1.6 elastomer, nan elastic polymer that has propertiessimilar to rubber.3.1.7 fabric, n
18、a planar structure consisting of yarns orfibers.3.1.7.1 DiscussionUnlike a polymer sheet, a fabric isnormally subject to penetration by gases and liquids.3.1.8 Ficks laws of diffusion, nmathematical descriptionsof the movement of one type of molecule through another.3.1.8.1 DiscussionDiffusion is no
19、t due to holes or pores inchemical protective clothing materials.3.1.9 hazard assessment, nan examination of the work-place to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to bepresent, which necessitate the use of personal protectiveequipment (PPE)3.1.10 industrial hygienist, na person who, by e
20、xperienceand academic training, is qualified to recognize, evaluate, andcontrol chemical, physical, and biological agents in theworkplace, or a person certified by the American Board ofIndustrial Hygiene.3.1.11 occlusion, nthe physical process of covering achemical that has been applied to or spille
21、d on the skin, therebydisallowing its evaporation and generally increasing its absorp-tion through the skin.3.1.12 physical-chemical parameters, nvalues for physi-cal or chemical properties of a test chemical or polymer, orboth, such as solubility parameters, molecular weight, vaporpressure, and so
22、forth.3.1.13 plastic, na material that contains, as an essentialingredient, one or more organic polymeric substances of largemolecular weight, is solid in its finished state, and, at somestage in its manufacture of processing into finished articles, canbe shaped by flow.3.1.14 polymer, na substance
23、consisting of moleculescharacterized by repetition (neglecting ends, branches,junctions, and other minor irregularities) of one or morechemically bonded types of monomeric units.3.1.15 polymer sheet, na continuous polymeric planarstructure.3.1.15.1 DiscussionIt is not normally subject to penetra-tio
24、n by gases or liquids.3.1.16 program, na documented policy with proceduresfor selection and use of CPC.3.1.17 program administrator, na person responsible forthe formulation and implementation of a CPC program.3.1.18 program authority, na person responsible for en-forcing the requirements of a CPC p
25、rogram.3.1.19 toxicity, nthe propensity of a substance to produceadverse biochemical or physiological effects.3.1.19.1 DiscussionSuch effects are termed toxic effects,as used in this practice.3.2 For definitions of other protective clothing-related termsused in this practice, refer to Terminology F1
26、494.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice presents those elements that constitute achemical protective clothing (CPC) program and conditions tobe used in establishing a program for the selection and use ofCPC.Adherence to this practice requires that a written programbe developed for any use of CP
27、C.4.2 Although much remains to be determined regarding thetoxicity of vapor and liquid exposure to the skin, this practiceoutlines the essential information necessary and suggestedmethods for hazard risk assessment prior to the selection ofCPC (see Practices F1154).4.3 This practice does not address
28、 the various methods fortesting CPC or obtaining the data upon which CPC assessmentsare made. These test methods are listed in Section 2 of thispractice.4.4 This practice does not include recommendations thatmay apply to personal protection from nuclear radiation,radioactive contamination, or microb
29、iological organisms, or toclothing that is worn to protect a particular environment fromthe entry of chemicals, particles, or living matter that may arisefrom the wearer.4.5 CPC should be used when other means of control are notavailable. Its major uses should be limited to the following:4.5.1 Maint
30、enance operations;4.5.2 Upset or emergency conditions;4.5.3 Use in lieu of engineering controls when they are notfeasible or are being installed;4.5.4 Supplementing feasible engineering controls whenthey fail to control the hazard completely; and4.5.5 Use in the event that engineering controls fail.
31、4.6 Engineering controls and substitution of materialsshould be stressed as the first line of defense in all controlsituations since effective use of CPC depends on workercompliance, proper selection, quality control, and other vari-ables that may prove to be weak links in an overall controlprocess.
32、5. Minimum Program Requirements and Objectives5.1 The primary objective shall be to minimize employeeexposures. This objective should be accomplished to the extentfeasible by accepted engineering control measures. Theseinclude enclosure or confinement of the operation, isolation ofthe worker from th
33、e operation, substitution of less toxicmaterials, and modification of work practices. When thesecontrols are not feasible, or while they are being implementedor evaluated, appropriate CPC shall be used pursuant to therequirements in this practice and regulatory requirements,where applicable.5.2 Prog
34、ram Administration and Responsibility:5.2.1 Responsibility and authority for implementing theCPC program shall be assigned to a single person. This personwill normally be a plant manager, supervisor, or other personwith line supervisory authority. This person is called theprogram authority.F1461 172
35、5.2.2 Normally, a second person shall have responsibilityfor preparing the written program. This person is called theprogram administrator. His duties also include maintaining andupdating standard procedures and the CPC written program,based on changes in CPC technology and knowledge; main-taining r
36、ecords; auditing and evaluating the program; directing,interacting with, or supervising those who dispense CPC at theworksite and those who train workers in the use of CPC; andestablishing procedures for the purchase of CPC. The programadministrator will usually have staff responsibilities. Theprogr
37、am administrator shall have knowledge of CPC sufficientto supervise the CPC program properly. (Where possible, theadministrator of a CPC program should also be the adminis-trator of the respiratory protection program, if one exists, inorder to improve coordination.)5.3 Written ProgramsThe CPC progra
38、m shall be estab-lished and detailed in a written document.5.4 CPC SelectionThe selection of the CPC article shallbe based on consideration of the following:5.4.1 Exposure situation (vapor, pressured splash, liquidsplash, intermittent liquid contact, and continuous liquid con-tact);5.4.2 Toxicity an
39、d amount of the chemical(s) (that is, bestknowledge or the estimate of ability to permeate the skin andof systemic toxicity);5.4.3 Physical properties of the contaminant chemicals (forexample, vapor pressure, molecular weight, and polarity);5.4.4 Functional requirements of the task (for example,dext
40、erity, thermal protection, fire protection, and mechanicaldurability requirements); and5.4.5 Properties of the CPC that are relevant to the physicaland chemical hazards and functional requirements of the task.These properties are determined through appropriate testingtechniques and include permeatio
41、n resistance, degradationresistance, penetration resistance, dexterity, resistance to tear,and so forth, as applicable. (See Test Methods F739 and F903,Guide F1001, and Test Method F1052.)5.4.6 Selection of the CPC should consider the materialsfrom which the garment, gloves, visor, hoods, and boots
42、areconstructed, the seam construction and the design of thegarments.5.4.7 Selection of the CPC should also consider the likeli-hood of coming in contact with the hazardous materials, theduration of the contact, the amount of contact and the directionof liquid contact.5.5 The selection procedure shal
43、l be documented.Minimally, the selection process should consider degradation,penetration, and permeation resistance of the CPC. Degrada-tion could result in an adverse loss of integrity and chemicalresistance properties. Penetration could result in direct skincontact by an agent from bulk flow throu
44、gh seams, pinholes,and so forth. Permeation can result in skin contact by an agentwithout any outward signs of either penetration or degradationsince molecular flow of the contaminant through the protectivearticle is occurring.5.6 TrainingEach CPC user shall be given training thatshall include the f
45、ollowing:5.6.1 A description of the hazards for which the CPC isbeing selected;5.6.2 An explanation and discussion of the toxicity of thecontaminants for which CPC is being used including symptomsthat indicate an overexposure has occurred;5.6.3 Limitations of CPC use;5.6.4 Training how to use CPC, i
46、ncluding donning, decon-tamination in order to safely doff the garment, doffing, properstorage, maintenance, inspection, and decontamination for safereuse where applicable; and disposal of CPC.5.6.5 Each CPC user should tested after training and peri-odically thereafter, to verify that they understa
47、nd and canfollow the CPC training, retrained if necessary or restrictedfrom using CPC if they can not understand or follow thetraining.5.7 CPC UseThe employer shall not use CPC in violationof the written program or the manufacturers instructions.When using CPC, the employer shall consider specialeme
48、rgency-use precautions. The buddy system shall be used inconjunction with emergency-use CPC.5.8 Maintenance and StorageMaintenance and inspectionshall be conducted on a schedule that ensures that each piece ofCPC delivers the protection for which it was selected.Minimally, each piece of CPC shall be
49、 inspected by the wearerprior to its use to ensure its integrity. CPC should be stored inaccordance with manufacturers instructions.5.9 DecontaminationProcedures for decontamination andreuse shall be documented. CPC should not be used after it iscontaminated unless it can be demonstrated that the decontami-nation CPC is safe to wear.5.10 Field Evaluation and Biological MonitoringThe useof methods to estimate actual exposures in the field or estimatedoses from biological samples are appropriate when the choiceof CPC has uncertainty or wh
