1、Designation: F1478 17Standard Test Method forDetermination of Abrasion Resistance of Images Producedfrom Copiers and Printers (Taber Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1478; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining theamount of image abraded from the
3、surface of a document.1.2 This test method may be used to evaluate the abrasionresistance of images produced by business imaging products,including nonimpact printers, thermal transfer printers, andcopiers. The machine shall be capable of producing thespecified image.1.3 Testing focuses on determini
4、ng the amount of imagedmaterial removed, resulting from forces which impart a rub-bing or grinding action principally on the top surface of theimage.1.4 Comparison may be made between various imagingdevices or the image-producing components of an individualmachine.1.5 Other test methods employing th
5、e Crockmeter andSutherland Rub Tester may be used to evaluate the smudge andabrasion characteristics. Results by these test methods are notnecessarily equivalent to those obtained by this test method.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are i
6、ncluded in thisstandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prio
7、r to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBa
8、rriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic CopyingF1319 Test Method for Determination of Abrasion andSmudge Resistance of Images Produced from BusinessCopy Products (Crockmeter Method)F1571 Test Method for Determination of Ab
9、rasion andSmudge Resistance of Images Produced from BusinessCopy Products (Sutherland Method) (Withdrawn 2017)3F2497 Practice for Abrasion and Scuff Resistance of InkjetMedia by the Sutherland Rub TesterG195 Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a RotaryPlatform Abraser2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 5-3 Pho
10、tography and graphic technology Densitymeasurements Part 3: Spectral conditionsISO 5-4 Photography and graphic technology Densitymeasurements Part 4: Geometric conditions for reflec-tion density2.3 ASTM Adjunct:Abrasion Test Target53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions related to electros
11、taticcopying may be found in Terminology F335.3.1.1 abrasion resistancethe ability of an image to with-stand the frictional forces attempting to remove the surfacematerial.3.1.2 smudgethe tendency of an image to smear or streakonto the adjacent area when rubbed, involving the redepositionof abraded
12、material.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2017. Published August 2017. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous editi
13、on approved in 2011 as F147806 (2011).DOI: 10.1520/F1478-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3
14、The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJF1478.*A Summary of C
15、hanges section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the
16、Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.3 smudge resistancethe ability of an image to with-stand smudging.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Test specimens are g
17、enerated of an image described inthis test method. Suitable hard copy Abrasion Test Targets foruse in copiers are available from ASTM. Abrasion test targetsmay be converted into digital files for use in computer printers.The specimens are abraded with a specified instrument andevaluated by visual co
18、mparison or reflectance measurements,or both.5. Significance and Use5.1 The degree of image abraded from a copy or printedimage may be affected by various factors, including the type ofmachine, condition of the machine, supplies employed, timesince imaging, and environmental conditions. As many aspo
19、ssible of these variables should be controlled during the test.If available, a control sample with known characteristicsshould be run along with the test samples.5.2 This test method may be used to determine imageresistance to damage or deterioration as a result of exposure toabrasive forces, such a
20、s automated document handling devices.5.3 This test method may be used for control of productquality, comparative analysis of machines, comparative analy-sis of imaging components, as well as a research and develop-ment tool.5.4 This test method is adaptable to images produced frommost nonimpact pri
21、nters and copiers. The printers shall becapable of utilizing the available program to produce thespecified image.5.5 If the user wishes to simulate the type of damage orsmudge resulting from paper rubbing against the printed imageor from normal handling, consideration should be given tousing either
22、the Crockmeter Method (Test Method F1319)orthe Sutherland Rub Method (Test Method F1571 or PracticeF2497).6. Interferences6.1 The degree of image fixing is an integral factor in theresistance of the image to damage or deterioration due toabrasion. The image fixing capabilities of copiers and printer
23、smay be significantly influenced by the choice of supplies. Toobtain an accurate representation of the capabilities of anygiven machine, the manufacturers recommendations for toner,fusers, fuser oils, other imaging supplies, and paper should befollowed.6.2 Due to the temperature cycling of some copi
24、er andprinter fuser systems, the degree of image fixing may vary asa function of the length of time the machine has been turned onor as a function of the number of copies or prints in a given run.NOTE 1For example, the degree of image fixing may be different forthe first few copies made right after
25、the machine is turned on than it willbe for the copies made several hours later. Also, the fiftieth copy of a runmay have a different degree of fixing than the second or third copy of thatsame run.6.3 Unusual environmental conditions, such as extremes oftemperature and humidity may affect both the d
26、egree of imagefixing and the copy quality. For this reason, it is recommendedthat the environmental conditions be noted when conductingcomparison tests between machines or supplies. For the mostaccurate comparisons, the environment should be kept asconstant as reasonably possible during the entire t
27、est.7. Apparatus and Materials7.1 Abrasion TesterTaber Abraser,6or equivalent, as de-scribed in Guide G195 and consisting of the following ele-ments:7.1.1 A horizontal turntable platform comprised of a rubberpad, clamp plate, clamping ring, and nut to secure the specimento the turntable.7.1.2 A moto
28、r capable of rotating the turntable platform at aspeed of either 72 6 2 r/min for 110 v/60 Hz or 60 6 2 r/minfor 230 v/50 Hz.7.1.3 A pair of pivoted arms to which the abrasive wheelsand auxiliary masses may be attached.NOTE 2Without auxiliary masses or counterweights, each arm willapply a load again
29、st the specimen of 250 g per wheel (exclusive of themass of the wheel itself).7.1.4 A vacuum suction system and vacuum pick-up nozzleto remove debris and abrasive particles from the specimensurface during testing. The height of the vacuum pickup nozzleshall be adjustable, and the nozzle openings sha
30、ll be 8 mm indiameter. The vacuum system shall operate when testingcommences.7.1.5 A counter to record the number of cycles (revolutions)made by the turntable platform.7.2 Abrasion WheelsTaber Calibrase CS-10F abrasionwheels,6which are attached to the free end of the pivoted armsand are able to rota
31、te freely about horizontal spindles. Thewheels shall be 12.7 6 0.3 mm thick and have an externaldiameter of 51.9 6 0.5 mm when new, and in no case less than44.4 mm.7.3 Auxiliary Weightscan be attached to the pivoted armsto increase or decrease the force at which the wheel is pressedagainst the speci
32、men, exclusive of the mass of the wheel itself.Accessory weight references are per arm (not combined), andinclude the mass of the pivoted arm. For the purpose of thistest, the auxiliary weights marked 500 g shall be used.7.4 Silicon Carbide Paper150 grit silicon carbide coatedabrasive cut into appro
33、ximately 102 mm discs witha7mmhole punched in the center to fit specimen holder (Taber S-11Abrasive Disc,6or equivalent).7.5 Taber Diamond Wheel Refacer.67.6 Compressed Air Source240 to 413 KPa.7.7 Test Copier or Printer, adjusted and equipped withappropriate toner, fuser oil, paper, and other suppl
34、ies as6The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St., North Towanda, NY 14120. If you are aware ofalternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM InternationalHeadquarters. Your comments will receive careful considera
35、tion at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee,1which you may attend.F1478 172required. If a copier or printer is to be used to evaluate a supplyitem, all other supply items should be unchanged during theduration of the comparison test.7.7.1 If comparison tests are being made between copier
36、s orprinters, all supply items should be as specified by themanufacturer. Unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer,the same paper should be used in each of the machines.7.8 Abrasion Test TargetA printed Abrasion Test Target isavailable as an ASTM adjunct. Fig. 1 shows a printed exampleof the t
37、arget.7.9 ReflectometerAn instrument for the measurement ofreflection density meeting the geometric conditions for reflec-tion density specified in ISO 5-4, the spectral conditionsspecified in ISO 5-3, and having an aperture diameter of10 mm.NOTE 3An aperature of 10 mm will cover the entire area of
38、the testspot. If an instrument with a smaller aperature is used, several readingsshall be taken and averaged to obtain the reflectance of the spot.7.9.1 Measurement should be reported as percent reflec-tance. If the instrument reads in optical density, convert thevalues to reflectance, as follows:R,
39、%reflectance! 5110Ddensity!3100 (1)A scientific calculator may be used to aid in this conversion.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Copier or PrinterEnsure that the test copiers orprinters, or both, have been properly adjusted following themanufacturers instructions. Ensure that an adequate amount ofall
40、 supplies needed for operation conforms with the manufac-turers specifications and is in a quantity adequate to completethe test without replenishment. If replenishment is necessary,make certain that it is from the same lot.8.2 ReflectometerWarm the instrument up and calibrate itin accordance with t
41、he manufacturers recommendations.Check calibration frequently while making measurements.8.3 Abrasion Tester:8.3.1 Prepare abrasive wheels by conducting two indepen-dent dressings of 50 cycles each on a 150-grit abrasive disc,discarding the used abrasive disc after each dressing operation.If a thin f
42、ilm of material develops on the edge of the wheelsduring dressing, it may be removed by gently rubbing with afinger while rotating the wheels by hand on their spindles.Avoid touching the abrading surfaces of the wheels.8.3.2 Place the 500-g auxiliary weights onto the pivotedarms.8.3.3 Attach the vac
43、uum source to the abrader and set thevacuum level to 100 % to allow for effective particle removalwithout lifting or damaging the specimens. Set the vacuumnozzle height to 3 mm above the specimen surface.8.3.4 Blow particles off from wheels after abrasion of eachspecimen.8.3.5 Dress wheels 50 cycles
44、 with a new 150-grit abrasivedisc after every four specimens.NOTE 4Discoloration of the abrasive wheels with image material doesnot necessarily indicate dirty or ineffective wheels.8.3.6 Should either wheel become out-of-round, it will benecessary to simultaneously reface both wheels using thediamon
45、d wheel refacer. Out-of-round wheels are indicated by aslight up and down motion of the pivoted arms as the wheelsrotate on the specimen. Refacing must continue until bothwheels are again round.NOTE 5Observe the wheel manufacturers recommendations withrespect to minimum wheel diameter and maximum sh
46、elf life. Store wheelsin their original protective case when not in use.8.3.7 After wheels have been refaced with the diamondwheel refacer, it is necessary to dress them once using 50cycles on a new 150-grit abrasive disc.9. Procedure9.1 This test method may be used to either make a com-parative eva
47、luation between two or more printers or copiers orto evaluate a supply item for a printer or copier. Whenevaluating a supply item, a single copier or printer shall beused and all other supply items shall remain constant. In anyevent, the procedure for sample generation and selection,abrasion testing
48、, and evaluation is the same.9.2 Sample Generation and Selection:9.2.1 Turn the copier or printer on for 30 min and ensurethat the machine has been idle in “standby” mode for at leastfive continuous minutes immediately before the test has begun.9.2.2 Generate test copies or prints using a suitable a
49、brasiontest target in the case of a copier, or computer program in thecase of a printer.9.2.3 Run the copier or printer in continuous mode for 2 minto ensure a representation of the varying degrees of toner fixingthat may occur within a given system. Save all copies or prints.Maintain them in the sequence in which they were generated.9.2.4 For machines rated at less than 40 copies per minute,select sample sets of three consecutive sheets from thebeginning, middle, and end of the run. For machines rated at 40or more copies per minute, select
