1、Designation: F995 09Standard Practice forEstimating Toner Usage in Copiers Utilizing Dry Two-Component Developer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes a procedure for estimating thenumber of copies that can be produced for a given unit of tonerin a
3、copier using dry two-component developer.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of wh
4、oever uses this standard to consult andestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.See Section 9 for specific precautionary statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F335 Terminology Relating to Electrostatic I
5、magingF875 Test Method for Evaluation of Large Area Density andBackground on Office Copiers2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:K Charts33. Terminology3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to this Standard:3.1.1 toner usageamount of toner (milligrams per copy)removed from the toner reservoir during the copying process.3.
6、1.2 two-component developera mixture of dry toner andcarrier used for developing electrostatic images in copiers (SeeTerminology F335.)4. Summary of Practice4.1 A copier is set up to standard operating parameters andoperated under a controlled job stream and environment for alength of time sufficien
7、t for stable performance. A known, orestimated, quantity of toner is used to replenish the developerover the length of the test and this result, along with the totalnumber of copies generated, is used to estimate the number ofcopies produced per unit of toner.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice
8、 may be used to evaluate the performanceof different toners in a common machine. It can also be used toevaluate the economics of toner usage when making machine-to-machine comparisons.5.2 The practice provides only a point estimate that issubject to a significant number of variables that are not eas
9、ilymeasured. As with all dry developers, two-component devel-oper systems are not 100 % efficient. Some toner is lost to thesurroundings (inside or outside the copier). This loss is alsodependent on copier adjustments and may be significantenough to affect the total number of copies capable of being
10、produced by a specific amount of toner. Anyone making adecision based on the results of this practice should carefullyconsider the accuracy of the results and other pertinent data.5.3 Actual use of the copier in normal operating conditionswill most likely result in toner usage values different fromt
11、hose generated in this practice.6. Interferences6.1 Variations in toner usage will occur for many reasons,among them:6.1.1 Machine adjustments,6.1.2 Operating environment,6.1.3 Varying use of special copy controls,6.1.4 Number of copies on the photoconductor anddeveloper,6.1.5 Variations in copy pap
12、er,6.1.6 Operator variability,6.1.7 Batch-to-batch toner and developer variability,6.1.8 Machine-to-machine variability, and6.1.9 Variation in document area coverage.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcomm
13、ittee F05.04 onElectrostatic Imaging Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F995 97 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/F0995-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM
14、 Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJF0995. Original adjunct produced in 1986.Copyright ASTM International, 100 B
15、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesNOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information17. Apparatus7.1 Balance, reading to the nearest 1 g.7.2 Refer
16、 to Test Method F875 for other required instru-ments.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Sufficient quantities of paper, toner, developer, andphotoconductor to run the test (Refer to 11.6.)8.2 Test Targets:8.2.1 Density and Background Test SheetAs shown in Fig.1 of Test Method F875.8.2.2 “k” Target with 15
17、07 “k”sAs shown in Fig. 1.38.2.3 “k” Target with 2925 “k”sAs shown in Fig. 2.39. Precautions9.1 Machine-to-machine comparisons should be made, ifpossible, with the same manufacturing lot of toner and devel-oper.9.2 Any comparisons between machines or toners shouldcarefully consider the test conditio
18、ns used and should bedocumented.9.3 The test must be controlled as described in this testmethod. A casual use of the copier during the test may affectthe results.9.4 The toner usage as estimated with this test method maynot accurately predict actual field results. Actual results willdepend not only
19、on those interferences listed in Section 6, butalso on a number of additional variables:9.4.1 Type of originals used,9.4.2 Machine and service variability,9.4.3 Users image quality requirements,9.4.4 Number of copies per original,9.4.5 Use of secondary receivers, and9.4.6 Variations in copy paper.9.
20、5 A copier that produces a lower average print densitymay have a lower average toner usage than a similar copierproducing a higher average print density. This is especiallyimportant to note when making copier-to-copier comparisonsusing the same toner.10. Conditioning10.1 Condition the paper, toner,
21、developer, photoconductor,and copier in the test environment for 24 h prior to initiatingthe test.11. Procedure11.1 The environment in which the following procedure iscarried out should be controlled to reduce adverse effects. Thetemperature should be controlled within 65F around themean temperature
22、 selected for the test. The relative humidityFIG. 1 “k” Chart With 1507 “k”sF995 092should be controlled within 610 % around the mean relativehumidity selected for the test.11.1.1 The actual temperature and relative humidity shouldbe measured periodically during the test and recorded for anyfuture c
23、omparison tests.11.2 The machine, in which the toner usage will bemeasured, should be thoroughly cleaned by an authorizedservice representative, and any prescribed preventive mainte-nance performed prior to loading the test toner.11.2.1 The machine should be adequately serviced to in-crease the prob
24、ability of a long copy run without major failure.11.3 The copier should be set up to the manufacturersspecifications with a new photoconductor and developer. It isalso recommended that major replaceable components in thefusing and cleaning subsystems be replaced in accordance withthe manufacturers p
25、reventive maintenance schedule to mini-mize any potential adverse effects.11.4 A log sheet should be designed on which to recordsignificant events during the running of this test.11.5 The initial machine copy count from the appropriateindicator should be recorded before the test toner is loaded into
26、the machine.11.6 The procedure requires that the machine and toner beused sufficiently long enough to provide stable performance.(See Fig. 3.)This is defined as: (a) one developer life accordingto the manufacturers recommended replacement schedule, or(b) 50 times the rated machine speed in copies pe
27、r hour,whichever comes first. Toner being evaluated should be se-quentially added throughout the test.11.7 The estimated toner usage can be determined by one oftwo ways, depending on the copier being used and the degreeof serviceability. These are:11.7.1 Some machines, with possible assistance from
28、themanufacturers service representative, allow for the weighingof all components of the toning subsystem. In this case takeand record the following measurements during the procedure.11.7.1.1 Weight (Wo) to the nearest 1 g of the toningsubsystem components including any installed toner.11.7.1.2 The c
29、opy counter reading at the start (Co).11.7.1.3 Net weight (Ti) to the nearest1gofeach unit oftoner added to the toning subsystem during the procedure. Thiscan be done by directly weighing the toner added, or deter-mining the net toner added by weighing the toner containerbefore it is loaded in a cop
30、ier and after it is removed.11.7.1.4 Weight (Wf) to the nearest1gofthetoningsubsystem components including any remaining toner at theend of the test.11.7.1.5 Copy counter reading at the end of the test (Cn).11.7.1.6 Total weight (Wt) of the toner used during the testcan be calculated by adding the i
31、nitial weight of the toningsubsystem components and the total net toner added during thetest, and then subtract the final weight of the toning subsystemas shown in the following equation:FIG. 2 “k” Chart With 2945 “k”sF995 093Wt5 Wo1T11T21T311Tn! 2 Wf(1)11.7.1.7 The actual toner usage in milligrams/
32、copy is cal-culated by dividing the total toner used in grams 1000 by thenumber of copies (Wt1000)/(Cn Co).11.7.2 With some copiers it is not physically possible toweigh the components of the toning subsystem, or serviceassistance may not be readily available to provide access tothese components. Be
33、cause potentially useful (available) tonerin the toning system cannot be accurately measured, it will benecessary to estimate toner usage over some steady state periodof operation. For this method take and record the followingmeasurements during the procedure.11.7.2.1 Record the machine copy count (
34、Ci) as each unit oftoner is installed to replenish the developer. Toner should beadded only when the replenishment sensor indicates an “addtoner” condition.11.7.2.2 The net weight (Ti) in grams of each unit of toneradded should be calculated and recorded with reference to11.7.1.3.11.7.2.3 The toner
35、usage in milligrams/copy can be esti-mated using the following equation:toner usage 5 1000! 3 T21T311Tn21!/Cn2 C2! (2)11.7.2.4 Note that the test is considered to begin with theaddition of the second unit of test toner. The first unit is usedto set the copier into a steady-state condition. The initi
36、al tonerweight and copy count is recorded to indicate the establishmentof the steady state condition.11.8 The test should be conducted using one of two standardtoner usage test targets identified in 8.2.2 and 8.2.3. Selectiondepends on the desired print coverage (1507 or 2925 “k”s).One may want to u
37、se the target that represents the printcoverage closest to that commonly used by the copier in thetest. This document provides a constant job stream andeliminates one source of variability. The same selected docu-ment should be used for all tests in the comparison.11.9 The toner usage test target sh
38、ould be rotated 180 onthe platen every 500 copies to reduce the potential of fatiguingthe photoconductors.11.10 The image quality should be monitored during the testas a check on copy uniformity.The density and background testtarget identified in 8.2.1 should be used at the beginning of thetest and
39、at intervals equal to the number of copies that can bemade in2hofmachine operation. The density data and copycount should be recorded at each measurement. The copiershould be readjusted if the density changes by more than 5 %.12. Interpretation of Results12.1 The estimated toner usage determined by
40、this testmethod relates only to the relatively limited and controlledconditions under which the test method is used. It is useful inmaking comparisons between machines or toner only underthese conditions. Variations in the populations of machines,toners, service, and operating conditions may result
41、in tonerusage values different from those estimated by this test method.13. Keywords13.1 copiers; test target; toner usage; two-component tonerManufacturer of machine testedModel numberRated number of copies/minuteCopies/hour (copies/minute 60)Test length (or developer life) (copies/hour 50) 11.6Cop
42、y counter reading at start (Co)11.7.1.2Weight of toner subsystem (Wo)11.7.1.1 gWeight of initial toner unit added (T1)11.7.1.3 gWeight of next toner unit added (T2)11.7.1.3 or 11.7.2.2 gCopy counter reading at T2addition (C2)11.7.2.1. . . (record T3. .Tn1 weight) 11.7.1.3 or 11.7.2.2. . gWeight of t
43、oner unit n added (Tn)11.7.1.3 gCopy counter reading at last toner addition (Cn)11.7.1.5Total weight of toner added (T1+ T2+ . + Tn) gWeight of toner subsystem at end (Wf)11.7.1.4 gToner used 11.7.1.6 Wt=Wo+(T1+ T2+ . + Tn)WfgToner usage 11.7.1.7 (1000 Wt)/(CnCo) mg percopyToner usage 11.7.2.3 (1000
44、) (T2+ T3+.+Tn1)/(CnC2) mg percopyFIG. 3 Sample Data SheetF995 094ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any s
45、uch patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invi
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