1、专业英语四级-255及答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、CLOZE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Aoriginated from Belites Cscoring Dincompatible Esuggests Freaching Ghypotheses HAlthough Ipreviously Jparadoxical Kobjects Lconsequence MEven Nunrelated Opresently The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is
2、 one of those 1 that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 2 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which arous
3、ed much controversy when it was first suggested. 3 he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 4 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has br
4、ought this about. The group in question are a particular people 5 central Europe. The process is natural selection. This group generally do well in IQ test, 6 1215 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the ca
5、reers of their 7 , including several world-renowned scientists, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought 8 . The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong
6、 tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a(n) 9 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this
7、10 state of affairs.（分数：25.00）Aassimilation Brevitalize Cbehind Dagitated Eissue Fcutbacks Gvaguely Heligible Iassimilate Jexcited Kreduced Lavailable Mmatter Naway Odissimilation All Americans are at least 11 familiar with the plight of the American Indian. Cutbacks in federal programs for Indians
8、have made their problems even more severe in recent years. Joseph reports, By the end of 1981 it was estimated that 12 in federal programs for Indians totaled about $500 million or more than ten times the cuts affecting their non-Indian fellow Americans. Additional cuts seem to be threatened in the
9、future. This 13 funding is affecting almost all aspects of reservation life, including education. If the Indians could solve their educational problems, solutions to many of their other problems might not be far 14 . In this paper the current status of Indian education will be described and evaluate
10、d and some ways of improving this education will be proposed. Whether to assimilate with the dominant American culture or to preserve Indian culture has been a longstanding 15 in Indian education. After the Civil War full responsibility for Indian education was turned over by the government to churc
11、hes and missionary groups. The next fifty years became a period of enforced 16 in all areas of Indian culture, but especially in religion and education. John Collier, a reformer who 17 in favor of Indians and their culture during the early 1920s until his death in 1968, had a different idea. He beli
12、eved that instead of effacing native culture, Indian schools should encourage and 18 it. Pressure to assimilate remains a potent force today, however. More and more Indians are graduating from high school and college and becoming 19 for jobs in the non-Indian society. When Indians obtain the requisi
13、te skills, many of them enter the broader American society and succeed. At present approximately 90 percent of all Indian children are educated in state public school systems. How well these children compete with the members of the dominant society, however, is another 20 .（分数：25.00）Aagain Bsharply
14、Clicensing Dsupplemented Einitiative Foutbreak Gunprecedented Habolished Iunanimously Jpatenting Kimpetus Lsubsidies Mdiminished Ncharitable Ocompensated In the United States, the first day-nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the latter half of the 19th cen
15、tury; most of them were 21 . Both in Europe and in the U.S., the day-nursery movement received great 22 during the First World War, when shortage of manpower caused the industrial employment of 23 numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established even in munitions plants, under
16、 direct government sponsorship. Although the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose 24 , this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, however, Federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control o
17、ver the day nurseries, chiefly by 25 them and by inspection and regulating the condition within the nurseries. The 26 of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were 27 called upon to replace men in the factories. On t
18、his occasion the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, allocating $6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery-school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities 28 this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100
19、,000 children were being cared for in day-care centers receiving Federal 29 . Soon afterward, the Federal government drastically cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later 30 them, causing a sharp drop in the number of. nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most emplo
20、yed mothers would leave their jobs at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.（分数：25.00）Ahealing Brestless Creckless Drepetition Emoaned Freward Gdissipate Hinfluential Ihandicap Jconstant Khasty Lappealing Mcourse Ngroaning Oinfinite The intimacy between man and nature begins with the birth of
21、 man on the earth, and becomes each century more intelligent and far-reaching. To nature, therefore, we turn as to the oldest and most 31 teacher of our race: from one point of view, once our taskmaster, now our servant; from another point of view, our 32 friend, instructor and inspirer. The very in
22、timacy of this relation robs it of a certain mystery and richness which it would have for all minds if it were the 33 of the few instead of being the privilege of the many. To the few it is, in every age, full of wonder and beauty; to the many it is a matter of 34 . The heavens shine for all, but th
23、ey have a changing splendor to those only who see in every midnight sky a majesty of creative energy and resource which no 35 of the spectacle can dim. If the stars shone but once in a thousand years, men would gaze, awe-struck and worshipful, on a vision which is not less but more wonderful because
24、 it shines nightly above the whole earth. In like manner, and for the same reason, we become indifferent to that delicately beautiful or sublimely impressive sky scenery which the clouds form and reform, compose and 36 , a thousand times on a summer day. The mystery, the terror, and the music of the
25、 sea; the secret and subduing charm of the woods, so full of 37 for the spent mind or the 38 spirit; the majesty of the hills, holding in their recesses the secrets of light and atmosphere; the 39 variety of landscape, never imitative or repetitious, but always 40 to the imagination with some fresh
26、and unsuspected lovelinesswho feels the full power of these marvelous resources for the enrichment of life, or takes from them all the health, delight, and enrichment they have to bestow?（分数：25.00）专业英语四级-255答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、CLOZE(总题数：4，分数：100.00)Aoriginated from Belites Cscoring Dincompat
27、ible Esuggests Freaching Ghypotheses HAlthough Ipreviously Jparadoxical Kobjects Lconsequence MEven Nunrelated Opresently The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those 1 that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is prepared to say it anyway. He is th
28、at rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 2 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. 3 he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he
29、is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 4 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are a particular people 5 central Europe. The process is natural
30、 selection. This group generally do well in IQ test, 6 1215 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of their 7 , including several world-renowned scientists, affirm. They also suffer more often than
31、 most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought 8 . The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a(n) 9 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggest
32、s that the intelligence and diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 10 state of affairs.（分数：25.00）解析：G 考点 考查名词。 根据“one of those -|_|-+that从句”这个结构可判断空格处应填一个复数名词，选项中符合条件的有B项e
33、lites“精英”、G项hypotheses“假定，臆测”、K项objects“物体；目标”，根据句意“某些群体的人可能比其他人更聪明 -|_|-这种想法是人们不敢说的 -|_|-之一。”只有G项hypotheses更加符合句意。解析：I 考点 考查副词。 空格处所填词修饰thought，即可推断为副词。又由副词actually可以推知本句是就现在和以前对疾病看法的对比，该句意为“他普及了这种观点，即某些以前人们认为并不是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是传染病，这一观点一经提出就引起了极大的争议”，所以本题选I项previously，意为“以前”；O项presently意为“当前”，可排除。解析：M
34、考点 考查副词。 该句所要表达的是：“虽然如此，但 -|_|-他本人也会对他即将要做的事感到战战兢兢。”空格在句首和句子主语的前面，综观选项，只有H项Although“虽然”和M项Even“甚至”符合。even作程度副词，表示递进关系，所以选Even；而Although表示转折关系，不符合上下文语境，故可排除。解析：E 考点 考查动词。 这句话是说：格雷戈里科克伦出版的论文不但 -|_|-了一部分人比另外一部分人更聪明，而且还解释了出现这种情况的过程。由题意可推测，空格处应填一个表示类似“提出”意思的动词，E项suggests意为“建议，提出”符合句意；K项objects意为“反对”，可排除。
35、解析：A 考点 考查动词。 空格所在句意为“这群正在被讨论的人 -|_|-欧洲中部”，根据句子结构可知该处应填入非谓语动词，答案便可锁定在A项originated from“源自”、C项scoring“得分”和F项reaching“抵达”。根据上下文可知，此处应该是对people的解释说明，因此A更符合句意。解析：C 考点 考查动词。 空格前是一个完整的句子，因此空格处应填入动词的现在分词形式表伴随，且从该句中的1215 points可知，空格处的动词应与分数相关。score的意思是“得分”，其他各项都没有这层意思，因此答案为C项scoring。解析：B 考点 考查名词。 空格所在句意为“正如
36、其中一些 -|_|-，包括一些世界著名的科学家从事的职业所证明的那样”，根据后面“世界著名的科学家”可知，该处所填词应为一个表示人的复数名词，因此选B项elites，意为“精英”。解析：N 考点 考查形容词。 该句句意为“然而，这些事实之前被认为是 -|_|-的。”空格处的单词实际上是修饰facts的，所以应填形容词；前文讲述了这组人为知识和文化的进步做出了巨大的贡献，紧接着说到他们更容易患基因性疾病，显然作者认为这两种现象明显是有关联的。本句中出现however，可知上下文构成转折关系，可推测出前人认为两者之间是“没有关系的”，故选N项unrelated“无关的，不相干的”。解析：L 考点
37、考查名词。 根据上下文，The latter与The former对应，都是在分析出现上述两种现象的原因：前者归因于重视教育的优良传统，后者则被认为是遗传隔离的结果。空格应填一个表示“结果，后果”的单数名词，因此L项consequence“结果”符合题意。解析：J 考点 考查形容词。 根据上下文推测，此处要表达的意思是：这些人不同寻常的发展历史使得他们遭受独特的进化压力，进而导致了这种矛盾的状况。J项paradoxical表示“自相矛盾的；似是而非的”，D项incompatible表示“不兼容的，不协调的”，前者强调一个事物的自相矛盾，后者强调两个事物的不相容，结合句意J项更贴切。Aassim
38、ilation Brevitalize Cbehind Dagitated Eissue Fcutbacks Gvaguely Heligible Iassimilate Jexcited Kreduced Lavailable Mmatter Naway Odissimilation All Americans are at least 11 familiar with the plight of the American Indian. Cutbacks in federal programs for Indians have made their problems even more s
39、evere in recent years. Joseph reports, By the end of 1981 it was estimated that 12 in federal programs for Indians totaled about $500 million or more than ten times the cuts affecting their non-Indian fellow Americans. Additional cuts seem to be threatened in the future. This 13 funding is affecting
40、 almost all aspects of reservation life, including education. If the Indians could solve their educational problems, solutions to many of their other problems might not be far 14 . In this paper the current status of Indian education will be described and evaluated and some ways of improving this ed
41、ucation will be proposed. Whether to assimilate with the dominant American culture or to preserve Indian culture has been a longstanding 15 in Indian education. After the Civil War full responsibility for Indian education was turned over by the government to churches and missionary groups. The next
42、fifty years became a period of enforced 16 in all areas of Indian culture, but especially in religion and education. John Collier, a reformer who 17 in favor of Indians and their culture during the early 1920s until his death in 1968, had a different idea. He believed that instead of effacing native
43、 culture, Indian schools should encourage and 18 it. Pressure to assimilate remains a potent force today, however. More and more Indians are graduating from high school and college and becoming 19 for jobs in the non-Indian society. When Indians obtain the requisite skills, many of them enter the br
44、oader American society and succeed. At present approximately 90 percent of all Indian children are educated in state public school systems. How well these children compete with the members of the dominant society, however, is another 20 .（分数：25.00）解析：G 考点 考查副词。 分析空格处所在句的句子成分可知空格处应填入副词，用以修饰后面的形容词fami
45、liar。该句意为“所有的美国人对美籍印第安人的困境至少 -|_|-了解”，下一句则意为“联邦政府削减对印第安人援助项目资金的数量让这一问题更严重”，两句之间为递进关系，既然问题已经更严重(more severe)，可知所有的美国人之前多少都对此都有些了解，但了解不深，因此选G项vaguely“轻微地，有点儿”。解析：F 考点 考查名词。 空格所在句意为“据估计，截止到1981年底，联邦政府对印第安人的援助项目资金总共 -|_|-了5亿美元”，再根据后文中的the cuts可知空格处所填单词含有“削减”的意思，选项中只有F项cutbacks表示“削减，裁减”，因此为正确答案。解析：K 考点 考
46、查形容词。 空格所在句意为“这项 -|_|-资金几乎影响了印第安人生活的各个方面，包括教育”。前文一直提到美国联邦政府对美籍印第安人的援助资金进行了削减，由此可知空格处所在的主语部分表示“这项被削减的资金”，因此应填一个表示“减少”的形容词，故选K项reduced“减少的”。解析：C 考点 考查副词。 空格所在句意为“如果印第安人能解决他们的教育问题，那其他方面问题的解决似乎也不 -|_|-”，根据句意可推测，这里应该表示的是“其他方面问题的解决似乎也不远了”。C项behind与far构成的固定搭配far behind意为“远远落后”，N项away与far构成far away意为“(空间、距离
47、上)遥远”，因此本题应选C。解析：E 考点 考查名词。 本句句意为“无论是被美国主流文化同化或保留印第安文化已经是印度教育长期存在的一个 -|_|-”，根据句意可推测空格处应填表示“问题，议题”的名词，E项issue和M项matter都符合，issue -般指“特别重要的问题(或议题)”，matter常指“事件”，此处的教育文化问题应该用issue，排除matter。解析：A 考点 考查名词。 本句句意为“内战后的50年是印第安民族的所有文化领域(尤其是宗教和教育)被迫 -|_|-的一个时期”，根据末尾段首句Pressure to assimilate remains a potent for
48、ce today可知，强大的美国主流文化的力量让印第安文化被迫与之融合，即同化，因此只有A项assimilation“同化”符合句意。I项assimilate为动词，O项dissimilation表示“异化”，均不符合。解析：D 考点 考查动词。 根据本段末尾句He believed that instead of., Indian schools should encourage.，可知约翰科利尔是支持保护印第安文化的，in favor of意为“赞成，支持”，该处要填入与“赞同”并列的一个动词，而表示过去的事情要用一般过去时，D项agitated的原形agitate意为“抗争；鼓动”符合句意，因此选D。J项excited的原形excite意为“激起，挑起”不符合句意，可排除。解析：B 考点 考查动词。 根据前面的should可知，空格处应填动词
