1、专业英语四级-84及答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)The first way we can approach language is as a phenomenon of the individual person. It is concerned 1 describing and explaining language as a matter of human behavior. People speak and write; they also evidently read and understand 2 they hear. They are not born 3
2、 so; they have to acquire these skills. Not everybody seems to develop them 4 the same degree. People may suffer accidents or diseases, which 5 their performance. Language is thus seen as part of human psychology, a 6 sort of behavior. When someone has been prohibited from doing something, we may 7
3、that he has understood the prohibition by observing that 8 he never behaves in that way. We cannot, of course, be absolutely sure that his 9 behavior is a result of his understanding; it might be 10 a loss of interest or 11 . So behavior must 12 include 13 activity, often only. 14 inferred from othe
4、r observable behavior. Once we admit that the study of language behavior 15 describing and explaining the unobservable, the situation becomes 16 more complicated. The study of language from this point of view can then be seen as a study of the specific properties, processes and states of the 17 . Th
5、is approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally related to explaining how we acquire language, and its relation to general human cognitive 18 , and 19 the psychological mechanisms 20 the comprehension and production of speech.（分数：40.00）A.toB.aboutC.withD.forA.thatB.wh
6、ichC.whatD./A.to doB.doC.doesD.doingA.atB.toC.inD.withA.induceB.impairC.impactD.insolateA.particularB.specialC.especialD.peculiarA.referB.conferC.deferD.inferA.thereforeB.therebyC.thereaboutD.thereafterA.subsequentB.eventualC.habitualD.precedentialA.thanks toB.but forC.due toD.in spite ofA.appreciat
7、ionB.inclinationC.exhilarationD.determinationA.be related toB.be taken toC.be attributed toD.be contributed toA.unobservableB.observableC.consciousD.unconsciousA.beB.beingC.to beD.to beingA.includesB.containsC.comprehendsD.involvesA.mostB.manyC.muchD.lotA.bodyB.heartC.mindD.behaviorA.systemsB.functi
8、onsC.behaviorD.abilitiesA.toB.withC.forD.asA.underlieB.underliesC.underlayD.underlyingThe family is changing. In the past, grandparents, parents, and children 21 together, and they had a(n) 22 family. Sometimes two or more brothers with their wives and children were part of this large family group.
9、But family 23 is changing throughout the world. The nuclear family 24 only one father, one mother, and children; it is becoming the main family structure everywhere. The nuclear family 25 married women some advantages: they have freedom 26 their relatives, and the husband does not have all the 27 of
10、 the family. Studies show that in nuclear families men and women usually 28 an equal number of decisions about family life. But wives usually have to 29 for the benefits of freedom and power. When women lived in extended families, sisters, grandparents, and aunts helped one another with housework an
11、d childcare. 30 , older women in a large family group had important 31 Wives in nuclear families do not often 32 this benefit, and they have another disadvantage, too: women 33 live longer than their husbands, 34 older women from unclear families often have to live 35 . Studies show that women are g
12、enerally less 36 with marriage than men are. In the past, men worked outside 37 and women worked inside. Housework and childcare were a 38 job, and there was no time for anything else. Now women work outside and have more freedom than 39 in the past, but they still have to do most of the housework.
13、The women actually have 40 full time jobs, and they have not much free time.（分数：30.00）A.used to liveB.used to livingC.were used to liveD.were used to livingA.enlargedB.multipliedC.extendedD.expandedA.formB.structureC.patternD.frameA.makes up ofB.consists ofC.composes ofD.constitutes ofA.providesB.su
14、ppliesC.furnishesD.offersA.fromB.forC.ofD.toA.powerB.responsibilityC.advocacyD.propositionA.produceB.cultivateC.makeD.suggestA.accountB.standC.payD.makeA.HoweverB.By contrastC.ThereforeD.In additionA.placesB.locationsC.situationsD.positionsA.haveB.enjoyC.holdD.possessA.generallyB.definitelyC.unexpec
15、tedlyD.impossiblyA.andB.orC.soD.butA.independentlyB.uniquelyC.aloneD.lonelyA.satisfyingB.satisfiedC.satisfactoryD.satisfiableA.the familyB.the buildingC.the homeD./A.part-timeB.between-timeC.full-timeD.all-timeA./B.didC.theyD.they didA.twoB.threeC.fourD.severalMost people picture sharks 41 huge, pow
16、erful, frightening 42 , ready at any moments to use their sharp teeth to attack careless swimmers 43 provocation (挑衅). 44 , people may have some 45 ideas on the conception of sharks. First, there are 350 species of shark, and 46 them are large. They range in size from the dwarf shark, which can be o
17、nly 6 inches long and can be held in the 47 of the hand, 48 the whale shark, which can be more than 55 feet long. Second, the different species of shark 49 tremendously in the number and type of teeth. A shark can have from one to seven sets of teeth 50 , and some types of shark can have several hun
18、dred teeth in each jaw. It is true that the 51 and predatory species do possess extremely sharp and brutal teeth 52 their prey 53 . Many other types of shark, however, have teeth more 54 to grabbing and holding than 55 cutting and slashing? Finally, all sharks 56 predatory animals ready to 57 humans
19、. In fact, only 12 of the 350 species of shark have been known to attack humans, and a shark needs to be 58 in order to attack. The types of shark that have the 59 record with humans are the tiger shark, the bull shark, and the great white shark. However, for most species of shark, even some of the
20、largest types, there are no known 60 of attacks on humans?（分数：30.00）A.asB.likeC.withD.wellA.predictionB.predominanceC.predicationD.predatorsA.withB.withoutC.beyondD.belowA.HoweverB.ThusC.FurthermoreD.WhereasA.stubbornB.wrongC.delusiveD.fantasticA.each ofB.all ofC.not all ofD.not every one ofA.palmB.
21、fingerC.wristD.backA.againstB.withC.forD.toA.variousB.variedC.varyD.variationA.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.continuouslyD.courteouslyA.fierceB.cruelC.viciousD.inhumanA.be used to ripB.be used to rippingC.used to ripD.used to rippingA.atB.offC.apartD.throughA.adaptingB.adoptingC.adoptedD.adaptedA./
22、B.toC.forD.thatA.areB.isC.are notD.is notA.strike downB.strike offC.strike back atD.strike out atA.stimulatedB.provokedC.stirredD.incitedA.worstB.bestC.firstD.mostA.illustrationsB.samplesC.incidentsD.instances专业英语四级-84答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)The first way we can approach language is as a phenomeno
23、n of the individual person. It is concerned 1 describing and explaining language as a matter of human behavior. People speak and write; they also evidently read and understand 2 they hear. They are not born 3 so; they have to acquire these skills. Not everybody seems to develop them 4 the same degre
24、e. People may suffer accidents or diseases, which 5 their performance. Language is thus seen as part of human psychology, a 6 sort of behavior. When someone has been prohibited from doing something, we may 7 that he has understood the prohibition by observing that 8 he never behaves in that way. We
25、cannot, of course, be absolutely sure that his 9 behavior is a result of his understanding; it might be 10 a loss of interest or 11 . So behavior must 12 include 13 activity, often only. 14 inferred from other observable behavior. Once we admit that the study of language behavior 15 describing and e
26、xplaining the unobservable, the situation becomes 16 more complicated. The study of language from this point of view can then be seen as a study of the specific properties, processes and states of the 17 . This approach to language, as a phenomenon of the individual, is thus principally related to e
27、xplaining how we acquire language, and its relation to general human cognitive 18 , and 19 the psychological mechanisms 20 the comprehension and production of speech.（分数：40.00）A.toB.aboutC.withD.for解析：解析 介词搭配题。be concerned with sth. 表示“与有关，涉及”，这里指“获得语言的途径与描述和解释作为人类行为的语言有关。”be concerned to do sth. 表示
28、“认为(做某事)重要”；be concerned about/for sth. 表示“担心，忧虑”。A.thatB.whichC.whatD./解析：解析 语法辨析题。此句考查的是宾语从句，连接代词what充当从句谓语动词A.to doB.doC.doesD.doing解析：解析 语法辨析题。此处的意思是，“他们不是生来就这样”，这里的doing为分词做伴随状态。A.atB.toC.inD.with解析：解析 固定搭配题。to the same degree：在同样程度上，degree与介词to为固定搭配。A.induceB.impairC.impactD.insolate解析：解析 动词辨析
29、题。根据前文“人们可能遭受意外或疾病”可知，意外和疾病的发生会“削弱(impair)”他们的表现。induce：诱导，引诱；impact对产生影响，后跟介词on；insolate：暴晒。A.particularB.specialC.especialD.peculiar解析：解析 形容词辨析题。particular强调个体独有的特殊性和差别，常与general相对：special强调具有与众不同的质量、特点、身份或用途；especial与special通常可互换，但还含有“卓越，优先选择”之意，多用其副词形式；peculiar表示“古怪的，独特的”。这里指“语言被认为是人类心理的一部分，是一种个
30、体独有的行为方式”，故选particular。A.referB.conferC.deferD.infer解析：解析 语义衔接题。本题四个选项均带有词根“-fer”，refer意为“提到，涉及”：confer意为“授予，赠与”；defer意为“推迟，延期”；infer意为“推断，猜想”。此句的意思为，“当某人被禁止做某事时，我们可能会推断”。A.thereforeB.therebyC.thereaboutD.thereafter解析：解析 逻辑关系题。根据上下文可知，此处表示事情发展的先后顺序，“他通过观察理解了禁止原因之后就不再这样表现了”thereafter：从那时以后；therefore：
31、因此；thereby：因此，在那附近；thereabout：在那附近，大约。A.subsequentB.eventualC.habitualD.precedential解析：解析 语义衔接题。根据前句中“不再这样表现”推论出“他随后的行为(subsequent behavior).”, subsequent：随后的，后来的；eventual：最后的，终于的；habitual：习惯的，惯常的；precedential：先例性的，优先的。A.thanks toB.but forC.due toD.in spite of解析：解析 逻辑关系题。due to由于，因为，在句中作表语，此句的意思为，“这
32、可能是由于兴趣的缺失”；thanks to通常用于好的方面，意为“多亏”；but for：要不是；in spite of：不管。A.appreciationB.inclinationC.exhilarationD.determination解析：解析 名词辨析题。appreciation：感激，欣赏；inclination：爱好，意愿；exhilaration：高兴，兴奋；determination：决定，决心。根据前文的interest以及并列连词or可知，inclination符合文意。A.be related toB.be taken toC.be attributed toD.be c
33、ontributed to解析：解析 语义衔接题。这个句子为被动句，还原成主动句为“So we must take behavior to include.”，考查点是take sth. to do，表示“把认为”；relate to表示“涉及”；attribute to表示“归因于”；contribute to表示“贡献”。A.unobservableB.observableC.consciousD.unconscious解析：解析 语义衔接题。根据句意和下文的observable可确定，此处应为unobservableA.beB.beingC.to beD.to being解析：解析 固定
34、搭配题。only to do sth.为固定搭配，表示“不料，竟然”。A.includesB.containsC.comprehendsD.involves解析：解析 动词辨析题。此句意思为“我们一旦承认语言行为的研究涉及(involve)描述和解释无法观察的行为”。involve通常指作为一种逻辑推理的结果或必需条件而被包括进去；include指把人或事物包括进去并成为其组成的部分；contain表示包含或拥有(某物)以作为一部分或一组分；comprehend通常指纳入一些附属性的成分。A.mostB.manyC.muchD.lot解析：解析 语法辨析题。本题考查修饰比较级的词，这类词通常有
35、a bit, a little, rather, much, far by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。一般在修饰形容比较级时，在many与much之间多用much。A.bodyB.heartC.mindD.behavior解析：解析 语义衔接题。上文提到语言行为的研究包括无法观察的部分，那么从这个观点来看，它是对大脑思维、思想的研究，故选mind。A.systemsB.functionsC.behaviorD.abilities解析：解析 语义衔接题。按照上文中的how we acquire language
36、(我们如何习得语言)与下文中谈到的psychological mechanisms(心理机制)可推断cognitive systems(认知系统)与心理机制呼应，符合文意。A.toB.withC.forD.as解析：解析 介词辨析题。介词with引导伴随状态。A.underlieB.underliesC.underlayD.underlying解析：解析 语法辨析题。with引导的部分里psychological mechanisms和the comprehension and production of speech之间是主动关系，所以用underlie的现在分词形式。The family
37、is changing. In the past, grandparents, parents, and children 21 together, and they had a(n) 22 family. Sometimes two or more brothers with their wives and children were part of this large family group. But family 23 is changing throughout the world. The nuclear family 24 only one father, one mother
38、, and children; it is becoming the main family structure everywhere. The nuclear family 25 married women some advantages: they have freedom 26 their relatives, and the husband does not have all the 27 of the family. Studies show that in nuclear families men and women usually 28 an equal number of de
39、cisions about family life. But wives usually have to 29 for the benefits of freedom and power. When women lived in extended families, sisters, grandparents, and aunts helped one another with housework and childcare. 30 , older women in a large family group had important 31 Wives in nuclear families
40、do not often 32 this benefit, and they have another disadvantage, too: women 33 live longer than their husbands, 34 older women from unclear families often have to live 35 . Studies show that women are generally less 36 with marriage than men are. In the past, men worked outside 37 and women worked
41、inside. Housework and childcare were a 38 job, and there was no time for anything else. Now women work outside and have more freedom than 39 in the past, but they still have to do most of the housework. The women actually have 40 full time jobs, and they have not much free time.（分数：30.00）A.used to l
42、iveB.used to livingC.were used to liveD.were used to living解析：解析 语义衔接题。根据状语in the past选择used to do表示“过去常常做某事”，be used to doing表示“习惯于做某事”。A.enlargedB.multipliedC.extendedD.expanded解析：解析 固定搭配题。英语中几代同堂的“大家庭”用extended family表示，而“核心家庭”用nuclear family表示。A.formB.structureC.patternD.frame解析：解析 名词辨析题。从下文可知，核
43、心家庭正成为家庭中的主要结构，因此，选择structure表示“全世界的家庭结构正在改变”。A.makes up ofB.consists ofC.composes ofD.constitutes of解析：解析 动词辨析题。“核心家庭由一个父亲，一个母亲和孩子们组成；”本题中四个选项均含有“由组成”，但consist和of搭配，表示“一个事物由几个部分组成”，它的主语应该是事物的整体，宾语为部分，它只能用主动语态；make up和compose用部分作主语，表示“部分构成整体”，用于主动语态；如果用整体作主语，必须用被动结构be made up of/be composed of；const
44、itute同样用部分作主语，如果用整体作主语，必须用被动语态be constituted by；这个句子是用整体作主语，所以只能选B。A.providesB.suppliesC.furnishesD.offers解析：解析 动词辨析题。“向某人提供某物”的表达有：provide sb. with sth., supply sb. with sth., furnish sb. with sth., offer sb. sth.，其中只有offer后的直接宾语和间接宾语不需介词连接。A.fromB.forC.ofD.to解析：解析 介词辨析题。介词from含有“离开(脱离)”之意，根据原文可知，核
45、心家庭给已婚女性提供了益处，其中之一就是可以让他们“脱离”亲戚们的束缚而获得生活上的自由。A.powerB.responsibilityC.advocacyD.proposition解析：解析 名词辨析题。根据第三段第一句话中的提示可知此处选“power”，表示“家里的丈夫不拥有一切权利”；advocacy：提倡，主张；proposition：主张，建议。A.produceB.cultivateC.makeD.suggest解析：解析 固定搭配题。动词make与后面的decisions搭配表示“做决定”。A.accountB.standC.payD.make解析：解析 动词词组辨析题。根据下文的对比举例，这里意为“但是妻子们通常需要为自由和权利带来的益处付出代价”，pay for：支付，付代价；account for：说明，占；stand for：代表，支持；make for：走向；有利于。A.HoweverB.By contrastC.ThereforeD.In addition解析：解析 逻辑关系题。前后两句谈到的都是女性生活在大家
