1、专业英语四级-61及答案解析 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、READING COMPREHENSIO(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Passage 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Strikes and demonstrations in Germany, Britain and France helped to make the shorter working week a union priority. Employers gave way because in Germany sweating capital investment had traditionally
2、been the way German managers sustained high productivity. In Britain, there was a certain cynicism in agreeing to a reduced working week as British workers have always opted for extensive overtime to make up low basic wages. A nominal 35-hour week merely allowed more overtime. Working with union lea
3、ders such as Ron Todd and Bill Jordan in Britain and Hans Mayr, the wily IG Metall leader, in Germany, I found that there was one big gap in the movement for a 35-hour week. The Swedish union movement refused categorically to join the campaign. Given that in the 1980sas today95% of the Swedish workf
4、orce is unionized, the absence of the Swedish metalworkers union left a large hole in the European campaign. The Swedish thought that focusing on nominal weekly working hours was fatuous. The Swedish metal union believed that the distribution of working time should focus on annual holidays, family l
5、eave and on rigidly enforced limits on overtime that would be unacceptable to any self-respecting British shop steward. For the Swedish unions, working hours should help support Volvo, Saab, Electrolux and other companies faced with the growing challenge of globalization. To prescribe a rigid workin
6、g week as the solution to European labor market problems just did not make sense to the calm, consensual approach that had allowed Swedish capitalism to flourish while delivering the best version of social Europe on offer in the continent. At the time, it appeared frustrating to see this breach in s
7、olidarity. But today, the Swedish refusal to make a totem out of the 35-hour week appears more than justified. Sweden has maintained both full employment and record levels of trade union membership. By contrast, in Germany and France, where the 35-hour week was introduced, the continuing high level
8、of unemployment and the lack of movement and energy in the labor market have contributed to the biggest slump in trade union membership ever seen in both countries.（分数：20.00）(1).The reason why in the end the 35-hour week has been gotten through in Germany is that _.（分数：4.00）A.facing vast strikes and
9、 demonstrations, German managers couldnt deny the longstanding fact of overworking employees for high profitsB.German workers devoted themselves to striking and demonstrating against the former longer working weekC.the new working rule has been approved in most of European countriesD.the new working
10、 rule would definitely improve the rate of employment(2).In the second paragraph, what does nominal mean here?（分数：4.00）A.Formal.B.Regular.C.Artificial.D.Token.(3).In the 7th paragraph, what does breach in solidarity refer to?（分数：4.00）A.Social Europe.B.Prosperity in Sweden.C.Swedish noninvolvement.D.
11、The 35-hour week.(4).What is the authors attitude towards the 35-hour week?（分数：4.00）A.Neutral.B.Supporting.C.Suspicious.D.Pessimistic.(5).Which statement is true according to the passage?（分数：4.00）A.Swedish workers hardly dissented from its government in its working week problem.B.Until today there h
12、ave been 95% of the Swedish metalworkers that are unionized.C.Those British managers who have self-respects are considered to oppose a rigid enforcement of limits on overtime.D.Under the challenge of globalization, some major Swedish companies have turned to annual holidays and family leave for help
13、.三、Passage 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The stunningly slow pace of job creation, which sank to growth of just 32,000 in July, has provided new ammunition in an intense political debate over job quality. For months, Democrats have said that the long-delayed employment recovery was concentrated in low-wage jobs
14、that paid far less than those that were lost. White House officials replied that the available data failed to settle the matter one way or the other. The data is still inconclusive. But the weakness in job creation and the apparent weakness in high-paying jobs may be opposite sides of a coin. Compan
15、ies still seem cautious, relying on temporary workers and anxious about rising health care costs associated with full-time workers. Many economists say that over the long term, the most vulnerable positions are those at the low end of the wage scale that require fewer skills and are easily replicate
16、d. Even now, at a time when a disproportionate number of new jobs appear to be lower-paying ones, there has been growth in some high-income occupations like accounting, architecture and software. Yet the earnings gap between the highest-paid employees and the rest of the work force is still widening
17、, as it has over most of the last 30 years. The trend is most striking in factories, which accounted for the bulk of job losses in the last three years and tended to pay above-average wages. In contrast to previous recoveries, when companies rehired a large proportion of laid-off workers, manufactur
18、ers have added only 91,000 jobs this year, having eliminated more than two million jobs in the previous three years. The largely permanent decline in manufacturing employment, which has been more acute after this recession than in previous ones, spans all levels from blue-collar workers through seni
19、or management. It has coincided with a bulge in the number of jobs in low-paying fields that are comparatively easy to enter: retail sales, hotel services and clerical work.（分数：20.00）(1).Which of the following titles is most appropriate to the passage?（分数：4.00）A.Its Not Just the Jobs Lost, but the P
20、ay in the New Ones.B.The New Ammunition: Slow Pace of Job Creation.C.Earnings Gap to Be Solved.D.The Verso of a Coin.(2).It can be inferred from the passage that _.（分数：4.00）A.Manufacturers have offered more jobs than they have eliminated in the past few yearsB.The earnings gap problems used to be sm
21、all in the past few decadesC.Republicans seem to be on a sticky wicket in job quality problemsD.The write appears to be optimistic about manufacturing employment in future(3).Why do many companies prefer casual laborers?（分数：4.00）A.Because they could be low paid.B.Because they have no privilege of he
22、alth care which costs higher and higher.C.Because most of them used to be laid-off workers.D.Because the rate of employment wont be influenced.(4).Now there is an increase of low-income job employment in the field of _.（分数：4.00）A.architectureB.softwareC.hotel serviceD.church service(5).What is the a
23、uthors attitude towards the current situation in labor market?（分数：4.00）A.Optimistic.B.Apathetic.C.Impersonal.D.Critical.四、Passage 3(总题数：1，分数：16.00)It often happens that a number of applicants with almost identical qualifications and experience all apply for the same position. In their educational ba
24、ckground, special skills and work experience, there is little, if anything, to choose between half a dozen candidates. How then does the employer make a choice? Usually on the basis of an interview. There are many arguments for and against the interview as a selection procedure. The main argument ag
25、ainst it is that it results in a wholly subjective decision. As often as not, employers do not choose the best candidate, they choose the candidate who makes a good first impression on them. Some employers, of course, reply to this argument by saying that they have become so experienced in interview
26、ing staff that they are able to make a sound assessment of each candidates likely performance. The main argument in favour of the interviewand it is, perhaps, a good argumentis that an employer is concerned not only with a candidates ability, but with the suitability of his or her personality for th
27、e particular work situation. Many employers, for example, will overlook occasional inefficiencies from their secretary provided she has a pleasant personality. It is perhaps true to say, therefore, that the real purpose of an interview is not to assess the assessable aspects of each candidate but to
28、 make a guess at the more intangible things, such as personality, character and social ability. Unfortunately, both for the employers and applicants for jobs, there are many people of great ability who simply do not interview well. There are also, of course, people who interview extremely well, but
29、are later found to be very unsatisfactory employees. Candidates who interview well tend to be quietly confident, but never boastful; direct and straightforward in their questions and answers; cheerful and friendly, but never over-familiar; and sincerely enthusiastic and optimistic. Candidates who in
30、terview badly tend to be at either end of the spectrum of human behaviour. They are either very shy or over-confident. They show either a lack of enthusiasm or an excess of it. They either talk too little or never stop talking. They are either over-polite or rudely abrupt.（分数：16.00）(1).We can infer
31、from the passage that an employer might tolerate his secretarys occasional mistakes, if the latter is _.（分数：4.00）A.directB.cheerfulC.shyD.capable(2).What is the authors attitude towards the interview as a selection procedure?（分数：4.00）A.Unclear.B.Negative.C.Objective.D.Indifferent.(3).According to th
32、e passage, people argue over the interview as a selection procedure mainly because they have _.（分数：4.00）A.different selection proceduresB.different purposes in the interviewC.different standards for competenceD.different experiences in interviews(4).The purpose of the last paragraph is to indicate _
33、.（分数：4.00）A.a link between Success in interview and personalityB.connections between work abilities and personalityC.differences in interview experienceD.differences in personal behaviour五、Passage 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)While the 1970s pop psychotherapy movement focused on the importance of letting anger
34、out, more recent research suggests that theres a smarter, healthier way to react to lifes slings and arrows; with forgiveness. In a recent study, it was found that when individuals were about to forgive, they experienced greater joy, a more profound sense of control over life and less depression. So
35、und appealing. a) Why holding a grudge can be harmful? Your boyfriend blows you off for an important date. If you stay angry at him, youll probably get fresh flowers on your doorstep and maybe a fancy meal or two. But grudge-holding only gives us the illusion of power. If you hold on to that anger o
36、n a chronic basis, then it has power over you, eating away at your peace of mind and perhaps even your immune system. A study by Kathleen Lawler, Ph.D., a psychology professor at the University of Tennessee, confirms that people who are unable to forgive report more stress in their lives, more illne
37、ss and more visits to the doctor than do forgiving folk. b) Going from a grudge to forgiveness A few ways to develop your capacity to turn the other cheekTry writing a daily forgiveness reminder in your journal; it may sound corny, but its a great way to help gain control over your emotional life. W
38、rite a letter to your offender, detailing exactly whats bothering you. Then toss it. Youll feel better, even if your message never reaches its intended target. What, exactly, makes your blood boil? Forgiveness isnt about swallowing anger or being a doormat. Its not about forgetting, either. On the c
39、ontrary, its about acknowledging an offence with your eyes wide openand then releasing the anger. That means conjuring unempathy toward the person who hurt you, then focusing on the good parts of your life. c) An act of courage Still not convinced that its worth it to put your energies toward forgiv
40、ing? Besides the benefits to your psyche and physical health, true forgiveness is a sign of strength and soulfulness. It takes a lot of moral muscle to forgive, says Dr. Witvleit of Hope College in Michigan. The bottom line: Forgiving ultimately benefits the forgiver more than the person who has don
41、e wrong. So start putting your own well-being first, and live life with as much interest and love as you can.（分数：20.00）(1).Forgiveness has the following advantages except that _.（分数：4.00）A.it enables people to be smarterB.it makes people more cheerfulC.it helps people to be healthierD.it relieves pe
42、oples frustration(2).According to the passage, if you keep feeling angry for a long time, _.（分数：4.00）A.the one who has done wrong will keep sending you presentsB.the one who has done wrong will ultimately apologize to youC.you will have power over the one who has done wrong to youD.you will graduall
43、y lose control over your mind and your health(3).The author thinks when one forgives, _.（分数：4.00）A.he endures the offence without complaintsB.he tries his best to forget the bad experienceC.he does not cling to the past but welcomes the bright side of lifeD.he does not carry out revenge but reminds
44、himself of the offence(4).Dr. Witvleit thinks _.（分数：4.00）A.to forgive benefits ones physical healthB.to forgive benefits ones mental healthC.to forgive costs ones time and energyD.to forgive shows ones spiritual virtue(5).The author most probably wants to _.（分数：4.00）A.inform the readerB.instruct the
45、 readerC.compare two ways of treating angerD.focus on the advantage of forgiving六、Passage 5(总题数：1，分数：24.00)Archaeologists using DNA testing said they have identified a mummy discovered more than a century ago as Queen Hatshepsut, Egypts most powerful female pharaoh. The discovery has not been indepe
46、ndently reviewed by other experts. The mummy was discovered in 1903 in the Valley of the Kings, but it was left in place until two months ago. Archaeologists then took the mummy to the Cairo Museum for testing, said Egypts antiquities chief Zahi Hawass. Hawass has been searching for the queen for ab
47、out a year, setting up a DNA lab in the basement of the Cairo Museum. The study was funded by The Discovery Channel, which is set to air an exclusive documentary on the find in July. Hawass said the key clue was a molar. It was found in a jar bearing the queens emblem and containing some of her well
48、-preserved organs. The tooth fit a gap in the mummys jaw. Hawass team is still conducting DNA testing that they hope could help confirm the find. We are 100 percent certain that the mummy is that of Hatshepsut, Hawass told The Associated Press. Hatshepsut ruled Egypt in the 15th century B.C. and was known for dressing like a man and wearing a false beard. When her reign ended, all traces of her disappeared. Her 22-year rule ended in 1453 B.C.
